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Significations et usages de Causeway

Définition

causeway (n.)

1.a road that is raised above water or marshland or sand

causeway (v.)

1.pave a road with cobblestones or pebbles

2.provide with a causeway"A causewayed swamp"

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Définition (complément)

⇨ voir la définition de Wikipedia

Locutions

18 Stepney Causeway, London • Atlantic Causeway • Bahrain Causeway • Battle of Walcheren Causeway • Bonita Beach Causeway • Broad Causeway • Canso Causeway • Causeway (disambiguation) • Causeway Bay • Causeway Bay Station • Causeway Bay Typhoon Shelter • Causeway Carriage • Causeway Classic • Causeway Coast and Glens District • Causeway Coast and Glens District Council • Causeway GAA • Causeway Institute • Causeway Institute of Further and Higher Education • Causeway Islands • Causeway Lane, Melbourne • Causeway Link • Causeway Point • Causeway Road • Causeway Street Elevated • Causeway United F.C. • Causeway, County Kerry • Chembur Causeway • Chiddingstone Causeway • Cleanse the Causeway • Clear the Causeway • Clear the Causeway Riots • Clearwater Memorial Causeway • Colaba Causeway • Courtney Campbell Causeway • Cribbs Causeway • Devil's Causeway • Eau Gallie Causeway • Emory L. Bennett Causeway • Fen Causeway • Galveston Causeway • Giant's Causeway • Giant's Causeway (disambiguation) • Giant's Causeway (horse) • Giant's Causeway Tramway • Giants Causeway (band) • Isa causeway • John B. Whealton Memorial Causeway • John F Kennedy Memorial Causeway • John F. Kennedy Causeway • Johor–Singapore Causeway • Julia Tuttle Causeway • Julia Tuttle Causeway sex offender colony • King Fahd Causeway • La Salle Causeway • Lake Pontchartrain Causeway • Lodge Causeway • MacArthur Causeway • Mahim Causeway • Maid's Causeway • Makupa Causeway • Maud Heath's Causeway • Melbourne Causeway • Merritt Island Causeway • Muharraq Causeway • NASA Causeway • Newington Causeway • Patrick's Causeway • Petitcodiac River Causeway • Ponquogue Causeway • Port Orange Causeway • Qatar Bahrain Causeway • Queen Isabella Causeway • Rickenbacker Causeway • Robert Moses Causeway • Sanibel Causeway • Saudi–Egypt Causeway • Shaikh Isa Causeway • Shaikh Isa bin Salman Causeway • Sheikh isa causeway • Sion Causeway • Sorell Causeway • Stepney Causeway, London • The Causeway • The Causeway School • The Causeway, Bermuda • The Fen Causeway • The Giant's Causeway and Bushmills Railway • Treasure Island Causeway • Venetian Causeway • Wade's Causeway • Walcheren Causeway • William H. Lehman Causeway • Yolo Causeway

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Dictionnaire analogique

causeway (n.)


causeway (v.)


causeway (v.)


Wikipedia

Causeway

                   
Causeway
The Hindenburgdamm Rail Causeway across the Wadden Sea to the island of Sylt in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
The Hindenburgdamm Rail Causeway across the Wadden Sea to the island of Sylt in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
Ancestor None. (See Ford (crossing))
Related None. (See step-stone bridge)
Descendant None. (See viaduct)
Carries Traffic, rail
Material Concrete, masonry, Earth-fill
Movable No
Design effort medium
Falsework required No
  Afsluitdijk with the North Sea on the left and the IJsselmeer on the right
  The causeway to Antelope Island in the Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA
  The Johor-Singapore Causeway is an important road which connects Singapore to Malaysia.
  Lake Pontchartrain Causeway bridge in New Orleans
  The Julia Tuttle Causeway, one of the major arteries connecting Miami and Miami Beach in Florida
  Causeway across Colwyn Bay Beach, Wales, United Kingdom

A causeway is a road or railway route across a broad body of water or wetland raised up on an embankment. Some causeways may only be usable at low tide and the distinction between causeways and viaducts can become blurred when flood-relief culverts are incorporated in the structure; a causeway is however primarily supported on earth or stone, whereas a bridge or viaduct is mainly supported by free-standing columns or arches.

Contents

  Etymology

When first used, the word appeared in a form such as “causey way” making clear its derivation from the earlier form “causey”. This word seems to have come from the same source by two different routes. It derives ultimately, from the Latin for heel, calx, and most likely comes from the trampling technique to consolidate earthworks. In Ancient times, the construction was trodden down, one layer at a time, often by slaves or flocks of sheep. Today, this work is done by machines. The same technique would have been used for road embankments, raised river banks, sea banks and fortification earthworks. (The layers, though not the trampling action, can be seen in the Bayeux Tapestry: Building Hastings Castle.)

The second derivation route is simply the hard, trodden surface of a path. The name by this route came to be applied to a firmly surfaced road. It is now little-used except in dialect and in the names of roads which were originally notable for their solidly made surface.

The word is comparable in both meanings with the French chaussée, from a form of which it reached English by way of Norman French. The French adjective, chaussée, carries the meaning of having been given a hardened surface, and is used to mean either paved or shod. As a noun chaussée is used on the one hand for a metalled carriageway, and on the other for an embankment with or without a road. Other languages have a noun with similar dual meaning. In Welsh, it is sarn. The Welsh is relevant here, as it also has a verb, sarnu, meaning to trample. The trampling and ramming technique for consolidating earthworks was used in fortifications and there is a comparable, outmoded form of wall construction technique, used in such work and known as pisé, a word derived not from trampling but from ramming or tamping.

  Engineering

  Diagram showing how the Wendover Cut-off was built across salt flats in the early 1920s

The modern embankment may be constructed within a cofferdam: two parallel steel sheet pile or concrete retaining walls, anchored to each other with steel cables or rods. This construction may also serve as a dyke that keeps two bodies of water apart, such as bodies with a different water level on each side, or with salt water on one side and fresh water on the other. This may also be the primary purpose of a structure, the road providing a hardened crest for the dike, slowing erosion in the event of an overflow. It also provides access for maintenance as well perhaps, as a public service.

  Examples

  Kaichu Doro or Mid-Sea Road, in Uruma, Okinawa-Honto, the main island of the Ryukyu Islands

Notable causeways include those that connect Singapore and Malaysia (the Johor-Singapore Causeway), Bahrain and Saudi Arabia (25-km long King Fahd Causeway) and Venice to the mainland, all of which carry roadways and railways. In the Netherlands there are a number of prominent dykes which also double as causeways, including the Afsluitdijk, Brouwersdam, and Markerwaarddijk. In Louisiana, two very long bridges, called the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, stretch across Lake Pontchartrain for almost 38 km, making them the world's longest bridges (if total length is considered instead of span length). They are also the oldest causeways on the Gulf Coast that have never been put out of commission for an extended period of time following a hurricane. In the Republic of Panama a causeway connects the islands of Perico, Flamenco, and Naos to Panama City on the mainland. It also serves as a breakwater for ships entering the Panama Canal. Its English name causeway is sometimes confused with "Coastway", name of a touristic zone in Panama city. The Aztec city-state of Tenochtitlan had causeways supporting roads and aqueducts. The oldest engineered road yet discovered is the Sweet Track in England, dating from the 3800s BC.

Causeways are also common in Florida, where low bridges may connect several man-made islands, often with a much higher bridge (or part of a single bridge) in the middle so that taller boats may pass underneath safely. Causeways are most often used to connect the barrier islands with the mainland.

The Churchill Barriers in Orkney are of the most notable sets of causeways in Europe. Constructed in waters up to 18 metres deep, the four barriers link five islands on the eastern side of the natural harbour at Scapa Flow. They were built during World War II as military defences for the harbour, on the orders of Winston Churchill.

The Estrada do Istmo connecting the islands of Taipa and Coloane in Macau was initially built as a causeway. The sea on both sides of the causeway had become shallower as a result of silting, and mangroves had conquer the area. Later on land reclamation took place on both sides of the road and the area has subsequently be named Cotai and become home of several casino complexes. In Okinawa, Japan, connected by the Mid-Sea Road are the Katsuren Peninsula, Henza Island, Miyagi Island, Ikei Island and Hamahiga-Island.


  Specific causeways around the world

Various causeways in the world:

  Precautions

Causeways affect currents and may therefore be involved in beach erosion or changed deposition patterns; this effect has been a problem at the Hindenburgdamm in northern Germany. During hurricane seasons, the winds and rains of approaching tropical storms--as well as waves generated by the storm in the surrounding bodies of water—make traversing causeways problematic at best and impossibly dangerous during the fiercest parts of the storms. For this reason (and related reasons, such as the need to minimize traffic jams on both the roads approaching the causeway and the causeway itself), emergency evacuation of island residents is a high priority for local, regional, and even national authorities.

  See also

  The King Fahd Causeway from satellite photo

  References

  • Oxford English Dictionary. 1971. ISBN 0-19-861212-5.
  • Collins Robert French Dictionary, 5th edn. 1998. ISBN 0-00-470526-2.
  • Nouveau Petit Larousse Illustré, Paris. 1934.
  • Grape, W. The Bayeux Tapestry. Prestel, Munich and New York. 1994. ISBN 3-7913-1365-7.
  • Evans, H.M. and Thomas, W.O. The New Welsh Dictionary (Y Geiriadur Newydd). Llyfrau'r Dryw, Llandybie. 1953.
   
               

 

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