Publicité R▼
cohabitation (n.)
1.the act of living together and having a sexual relationship (especially without being married)
Publicité ▼
Merriam Webster
CohabitationCo*hab"i*ta"tion (?), n. [L. cohabitatio.]
1. The act or state of dwelling together, or in the same place with another. Feltham.
2. (Law) The living together of a man and woman in supposed sexual relationship.
That the duty of cohabitation is released by the cruelty of one of the parties is admitted. Lord Stowell.
Publicité ▼
⇨ voir la définition de Wikipedia
Voir aussi
cohabitation (n.)
↗ cohabit, live, live together, shack up
⇨ Cohabitation (government) • Cohabitation agreement • Cohabitation in the United States • Unregistered cohabitation in Israel
cohabitation (n.)
fait d'habiter (fr)[Classe]
habitation, inhabitancy, inhabitation[Hyper.]
cohabit, live, live together, shack up[Nominalisation]
Wikipedia
Relationships |
---|
Types
|
Activities
|
Ending of
|
Human practices
|
Cohabitation is an arrangement where two people who are not married live together in an intimate relationship, particularly an emotionally and/or sexually intimate one, on a long-term or permanent basis.
More broadly, the term cohabitation can mean any number of people living together.
Contents |
Today, cohabitation is a common pattern among people in the Western world. More than two-thirds of married couples in the US say that they lived together before getting married.[1] "In 1994, there were 3.7 million cohabiting couples in the United States."[2] This is a far cry from a few decades ago. Before 1970, cohabitation was illegal in the United States.[3] According to Dr. Galena Rhoades, "Before 1970, living together outside of marriage was uncommon, but by the late 1990s at least 50% to 60% of couples lived together premaritally.[4] According to the U.S. Census, "the number of unmarried couples living together increased tenfold from 1960 to 2000." [5] Nowadays, it is seen as a normal step in the dating process.[6] In fact, "cohabitation is increasingly becoming the first coresidential union formed among young adults." [7] People may live together for a number of reasons. Cohabitants could live together in order to save money, because of the convenience of living with another, or a need to find housing.[6] Many researchers contend that one of the biggest reasons for cohabitation is that couples no longer believe in marriage. However, when given a survey of the reasons why they cohabitate most couples listed reasons such as spending more time together, convenience based reasons, and testing their relationships, while few gave the reason that they do not believe in marriage.[8] The extremely high costs of housing and tight budgets of todays economy are a also factors that can lead a couple to cohabitation.[5] Today sixty percent of all marriages are preceded by a period of cohabitation.[9] Researchers suggest that couples live together as a way of trying out marriage to test compatibility with their partners, while still having the option of ending the relationship without legal implications. "More than three quarters of all cohabitators report plans to marry their partners, which implies that most of them view cohabitation as a prelude to marriage.[10] Cohabitation shares many qualities with marriage, often couples who are cohabitating share a residence, personal resources, exclude intimate relations with others and, in more than 10% of cohabitating couples, have children.[11] "Many young adults believe cohabitation is a good way to test their relationships prior to marriage.[12] Couples who have plans to marry before moving in together or who are engaged before cohabiting typically marry within two years of living together.[13] "About 10% of cohabiting unions last more than five years." [14] According to a survey done by The National Center for Health Statistics, "over half of marriages from 1990-1994 among women began as cohabitation.[15]
Cohabitation can be an alternative to marriage in situations where marriage is not able to happen for financial or other reasons, such as same-sex, some interracial or interreligious marriages.[13] Other reasons might include cohabitation as a way for polygamists or polyamorists to avoid breaking the law, a way to avoid the higher income taxes paid by some two-income married couples (in the United States), negative effects on pension payments (among older people), or philosophical opposition to the institution of marriage (that is, seeing little difference between the commitment to live together and the commitment to marriage).
Cohabitation, sometimes called de facto marriage, is becoming more commonly known as a substitute for conventional marriage.[16] In some states which recognize it, cohabitation can be viewed legally as common-law marriages, either after the duration of a specified period, or if the couple consider and behave accordingly as husband and wife.[17] (This helps provide the surviving partner a legal basis for inheriting the deceased's belongings in the event of the death of their cohabiting partner). In today's cohabiting relationships, forty percent of households include children, giving us an idea of how cohabitation could be considered a new normative type of family dynamic.[9]
There has been a documented increase in the number of cohabiting couples in the last fifty years. In 1960, there were there were approximately 450,000 couples cohabiting in the United States; by 2011, the number had increased to 7.5million.[18]Because of the dramatic increase in the number of cohabiting couples, there are fewer objections to this kind of relationship than there were in the 1960’s. Contemporary objections to cohabiting couples center around three primary topics; religion, social pressure, and the effect of cohabitation on a child’s development.
Religious reasons are a primary factor cited by people for the opposition of cohabitation. All three major world religions Christianity, Judaism, and Islam have stances of opposition to cohabitation.[19] [20] [21] These religious groups agree that cohabitation before marriage is a violation of their moral beliefs on the sanctity of a sexual relationship between a man and a women outside of marriage. “Pre-marital, extra-marital and same-sex relationships are all forbidden in Islam.”[22] While most members of these groups don’t adhere to the strict nature of their religious organization’s belief on cohabitation, the pressure from other members of the group or religious authorities lead to a drop in cohabitation. Pope John Paul II felt that, “de facto free unions, i.e., those unions without any publicly recognized institutional bond, are an increasing concern.”[23] As for the Jewish perspective, “For example, normative Judaism forcefully rejects the claim that never marrying is an equally valid lifestyle to marriage. Judaism states that a life without marrying is a less holy, less complete, and a less Jewish life.” [24]
Religion can also lead to societal pressures against cohabitation especially within large Evangelical Christian communities. [25] “Researchers have posited many ideas about why cohabitation has increased in the United States and how the beliefs or opinions of others might affect one’s decision to cohabit. Some have noted that a decline in religious authority and changes in religious structures have accompanied the rise in cohabitation.” [26] In addition to Religious pressures, there are familial pressures that prevent cohabitation. Young adults that grew up in families that oppose cohabitation have lower rates than their peers.[27]
Finally, there has been an increase in the research performed on the relationship between cohabitation and its effect on child development.[28] People have opposed cohabitation because they believed that it led to an unstable environment for a child’s development. Some Studies have shown a decrease in math skills and an increase in delinquency among children of cohabiting couples. [29] However, when other environmental influences like poverty, low education of the parent, and violence in the home are controlled; children of cohabiting couples are developmentally similar to their peers from a two parent family. [30]
Conflicting studies on the effect of cohabitation on marriage have been published. But over the years, evidence indicating cohabiting increases the likelihood of split has always been more prevalent than evidence that it is helpful.
For married couples the percentage of the relationship ending after 5 years is 20%, for cohabitators the percentage is 49%. After 10 years the percentage for the relationship to end is 33% for married couples and 62% for cohabitators. [31]
A scientific survey, conducted by researchers at Denver University, of over 1,000 married men and women in the United States of America found those who moved in with a lover before engagement or marriage reported significantly lower quality marriages and a greater possibility of a separation than other couples. About 20 percent of those who cohabited before getting engaged had since suggested splitting - compared with only 12 percent of those who only moved in together after getting engaged and 10 percent who did not cohabit prior to marriage.[32]
Psychologist Dr. Galena Rhoades said: "There might be a subset of people who live together before they got engaged who might have decided to get married really based on other things in their relationship - because they were already living together and less because they really wanted and had decided they wanted a future together. We think some couples who move in together without a clear commitment to marriage may wind up sliding into marriage partly because they are already cohabiting.".[32] Many cohabiting couples may also end up getting married due to pressure from their parents.[original research?]
There is a term for this used by those who research this area; "sliding, not deciding." It means that a couple slowly slides into cohabitation instead of making a clear, conscious decision to move in together and take the next step in their relationship. One partner may stay overnight on occasion, then it becomes a regular occurrence, and then the two decide it makes more sense to save money and only pay rent on one residence instead of two when only one is being occupied full time. Moving in together to save money or for convenience, or any other reason similar to these is not a sign of a healthy relationship. If the decision is not properly discussed, men and women may view moving in together in different ways. Women most often view it as a step towards marriage, while most men view it as a test for the relationship or a way to postpone commitment. When a couple views marriage as the next step and goes for it without reevaluating the relationship and making sure they are getting married for the right reasons, or because they have put so much time and resources into it already and it would be harder to break up, then the marriage will most likely not be successful.[33] [34]
The parenting role of cohabiting partners could have a negative effect on the child. The partner that is not the parent, usually the father, does not have "explicit legal, financial, supervisory or custodial rights or responsibilities regarding the children of his partner" says Waite.[35] This can cause an unstable living arrangement for the child and can cause the child to act out in a certain way because the mother or father's partner is "not their real parent."
In 2001, research was done on the effects of living in a cohabiting household versus a single-parent household on teenagers. The results showed that White teenagers fare worse living in a cohabiting household than living in a single parent household. They tend to do worse in school, are more likely to get suspended or expelled, and have just as many behavioral and emotional problems as those living with a single-parent. The impact for Hispanic teens is just as dramatic and the impact for Black teens is less noticeable.[36]
A University of Chicago researcher Linda Waite [35] Professor in Sociology, states " 16 percent of cohabiting women reported that arguments with their partners became physical during the past year, while only 5 percent of married women had similar experiences." Most cohabiting couples have a faithful relationship but Waite's surveys also showed that 20 percent of cohabiting women reported they had secondary sex partners, compared to only 4 percent of married women reported the same.
According to an article by Judith Treas and Deirdre Giesen, cohabiting couples are twice as likely to experience infidelity within the relationship than married couples.[37] The institute of marriage is viewed by many as a highly regarded form of commitment. Living together without being married may be a commitment, but does not have the same sense of finality as marriage.
Senate GOP leader Trent Lott decided[when?] to pull a bill to abolish "the [[marriage penalty," "which in the tax code reflects the fact that married couples who both work for wages frequently pay more in taxes then if they earned the same amount of income but weren't married. And the more equal the incomes of the couple, the steeper the marriage tax penalty." [38] The Earned income tax credit (EITC) is a wage supplement for low-income workers, but the problem is the EITC is not for married couples because they have to combine their wages, which again leads to "the marriage penalty." If couples do not get married then their wages do not have to combine and the EITC in a way is "paying for" low-income couples not to marry. In other words low-income couples chose not to marry because they need to combine their wages which leads to the EITC taking more of their income.[38]
Couples who cohabit are more likely to have a poorer financial picture because one partner is less likely to support the other partner financially since they are not legally married and the one partner is not obligated to. There has been questioning about people who cohabit living a shorter life because their partner is not going to remind them about doctor's appointments or speak up about unhealthy behaviors or risks. Also unmarried men and women are more likely to commit a crime compared to married men and women. Male cohabitators are less likely to be a part of the childcare but half the time they are responsible for child abuse. Lastly, couples who cohabit are more likely to cheat on their partner, which leads to a high percentage of getting a sexual transmitted disease. [39]
A conflicting study, published by the National Center for Health Statistics, with a sample of 12,571 people, concludes that those "who live together before marriage and those who don't both have about the same chances of a successful union".[40]
This section requires expansion. |
This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Please see the talk page for more information. (May 2011) |
In America in 2007, it is estimated that 16.4 million households were maintained by two opposite sex persons who said they were unmarried. [41]
During the year of 1999, cohabitors among those aged 35 to 54, those who are divorced or separated, black and Hispanic men, and most especially among those with children.[44]
the 2009 American Community Survey conducted by the Census Bureau, the proportion of 30-to-44-year-olds living together has almost doubled since 1999, from 4% to 7%. Fifty-eight percent of women aged 19 to 44 had ever cohabited in data collected in 2006-08, while in 1987 only 33% had. Cohabitation is much more prevalent among those with less education. “Among women ages 19 to 44, 73% of those without a high school education have ever cohabited, compared with about half of women with some college (52%) or a college degree (47%),” note the Pew study’s authors, Richard Fry and D’Vera Cohn. [45]
(a) The couple must hold themselves out to society as being akin to spouses. (b) They must be of legal age to marry. (c) They must be otherwise qualified to enter into a legal marriage, including being unmarried. (d) They must have voluntarily cohabited and held themselves out to the world as being akin to spouses for a significant period of time.
Aside from the law, cohabiting remains very much taboo across the region. Nevertheless, the issue of cohabitation of unmarried couples has featured in some Tunisian movies, such as Les Silences du Palais (1994)
In America, in 2003, 22.5% of couples were cohabiting.
The literature on second demographic transition argues as well that highly educated women are more prone to engage in cohabitation, although the reasons are different: they are less concerned with respecting the societal norms.[59] Some scholars argued that cohabitation is very similar to being single in the sense of not giving up independence and personal autonomy. [60]
In Hungary, cohabitation was an uncommon phenomenon until the late 1980s and it was largely confined to the divorced or widowed individuals. [61] Among the ethnic groups, Gypsy/Rroma tended to have higher rates of cohabitation, mainly due to their reluctance to register their marriages officially. [62] Since the 1980s, cohabitation became much more frequent among all ethnic groups and it has been argued to have strongly influenced the decline in fertility. [63]
Contenu de sensagent
dictionnaire et traducteur pour sites web
Alexandria
Une fenêtre (pop-into) d'information (contenu principal de Sensagent) est invoquée un double-clic sur n'importe quel mot de votre page web. LA fenêtre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles, c'est-à-dire sans obliger votre visiteur à quitter votre page web !
Essayer ici, télécharger le code;
SensagentBox
Avec la boîte de recherches Sensagent, les visiteurs de votre site peuvent également accéder à une information de référence pertinente parmi plus de 5 millions de pages web indexées sur Sensagent.com. Vous pouvez Choisir la taille qui convient le mieux à votre site et adapter la charte graphique.
Solution commerce électronique
Augmenter le contenu de votre site
Ajouter de nouveaux contenus Add à votre site depuis Sensagent par XML.
Parcourir les produits et les annonces
Obtenir des informations en XML pour filtrer le meilleur contenu.
Indexer des images et définir des méta-données
Fixer la signification de chaque méta-donnée (multilingue).
Renseignements suite à un email de description de votre projet.
Jeux de lettres
Les jeux de lettre français sont :
○ Anagrammes
○ jokers, mots-croisés
○ Lettris
○ Boggle.
Lettris
Lettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de Tetris. Chaque lettre qui apparaît descend ; il faut placer les lettres de telle manière que des mots se forment (gauche, droit, haut et bas) et que de la place soit libérée.
boggle
Il s'agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres. Il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases. Les lettres doivent être adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs. Participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs ! Jouer
Dictionnaire de la langue française
Principales Références
La plupart des définitions du français sont proposées par SenseGates et comportent un approfondissement avec Littré et plusieurs auteurs techniques spécialisés.
Le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout dérivé du dictionnaire intégral (TID).
L'encyclopédie française bénéficie de la licence Wikipedia (GNU).
Copyright
Les jeux de lettres anagramme, mot-croisé, joker, Lettris et Boggle sont proposés par Memodata.
Le service web Alexandria est motorisé par Memodata pour faciliter les recherches sur Ebay.
La SensagentBox est offerte par sensAgent.
Traduction
Changer la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions.
Astuce: parcourir les champs sémantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent.
calculé en 0,047s