Significations et usages de Enzyte

Enzyte is an herbal nutritional supplement originally manufactured by Berkeley Premium Nutraceuticals (now Vianda, LLC) of Cincinnati, Ohio. The manufacturer has claimed Enzyte promotes "natural male enhancement", which is suggestive of a euphemism for penile enlargement. However, its effectiveness has been called into doubt and the claims of the manufacturer have been under scrutiny from various state and federal organizations. Kenneth Goldberg, M.D., medical director of the Male Health Center at Baylor University, says, "It makes no sense medically. There's no way that increasing blood flow to the penis, as Enzyte claims to do, will actually increase its size."^[1]

In March 2006, following thousands of consumer complaints to the Better Business Bureau, Federal agents raided Berkeley facilities, gathering material that resulted in a 112-count criminal indictment. The company's founder and CEO, Steve Warshak, and his mother, Harriet Warshak, were found guilty of conspiracy to commit mail fraud, bank fraud, and money laundering, and in September 2008 were sentenced to prison and ordered to forfeit $500 million in assets.^[2] The convictions and fines forced the company into bankruptcy, and in December 2008 its assets were sold for $2.75 million to investment company Pristine Bay, which continued operations.^[3]

By 2009, marketing was oriented to erectile dysfunction and attracting more naive purchasers seeking permanent enlargement of the penis. Enzyte is widely advertised on US television as "the once daily tablet for natural male enhancement". The commercials feature a character known as "Smilin' Bob", who always wears a smile that is implied to be caused by the enhancing effects of Enzyte; these advertisements feature double entendres. Some commercials feature an equally smiling "Mrs. Bob".^[4]

Because Enzyte is an herbal product, no testing is required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. An official of the Federal Trade Commission division that monitors advertising says the lack of scientific testing is "a red flag right away. There's no science behind these claims."^[5] The company has conceded that it has no scientific studies that substantiate any of its Enzyte claims.^[6]

Dr. Ira Sharlip, a spokesman for the American Urological Association, has said, "There is no such thing as a penis pill that works. These are all things that are sold for profit. There's no science or substance behind them."^[5]

  Ingredients

Despite being a mixture of herbs, minerals, and vitamins, Enzyte formerly promoted itself under a seemingly scientific name of Suffragium asotas. While Enzyte's manufacturer claims this phrase translates as "better sex," this is incorrect; suffragium in Latin means vote, and asotas is not a Latin word at all. Harvard teaching fellow Rhett Martin says that the phrase might be an error for suffragor asotis, meaning "refuge for the dissipated."^[7]

Enzyte is said to contain:^{[citation needed]}

• Tribulus terrestris (puncture vine)
• Niacin
• Panax ginseng
• Epimedium
• Avena sativa (oat)
• Zinc oxide
• Lepidium meyenii (maca)
• Muira puama
• Ginkgo biloba
• L-Arginine
• Saw palmetto
• Other ingredients: gelatin, cellulose, rice bran, oat fiber, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, dicalcium phosphate, titanium dioxide and propylene glycol.

Most of the above ingredients are commonly available as over the counter herbal or dietary supplements, and most have anecdotal reports, but marginal or unproven scientific evidence, of efficacy on various systems in the human body. Several of the herbal ingredients are included in only very low quantities.

One notable ingredient, Yohimbe, was included in the original formulation of Enzyte, produced until at least 2004; however, as Yohimbe's legal status in Canada is unclear, Enzyte produced after 2004 no longer contains Yohimbe extract.

Additionally, zinc is an ingredient in Enzyte. Some men who have low zinc levels in their body have had success using zinc supplements to treat erection problems.^[8] Overdosage of zinc is a hazard to health. Zinc supplements are available without prescription at significantly lower prices than Enzyte.

  Effectiveness

Currently, the effectiveness of Enzyte is unproven. The Center for Science in the Public Interest has urged the Federal Trade Commission (which has power under federal law to regulate advertising) to disallow further television advertising for Enzyte, because of a lack of proper clinical trials. The company has agreed to pay $2.5 million to settle allegations of deceptive sales practices made by the Attorneys General of various states,^[9] and have altered their advertising in a more truthful fashion.^{[citation needed]}

Enzyte originally advertised that use of the Enzyte product would promote permanent physical penile growth, or the company would return purchasers double their cost. Those who attempted to collect this refund claim they either received a partial refund or were duped into signing away the right to a refund. Enzyte advertising was changed to state that the product is intended to create a firmer erection by temporarily increasing blood flow to the penis. The advertising change was made after lawsuits against the company and its rebate policies began to surface. No evidence exists that proves Enzyte to be effective in any of its claims. The product advertising states in small print that it "is not intended or promoted to diagnose, or treat any disease" and since erectile dysfunction is a recognized disease, the advertising is considered legal.

A civil lawsuit alleged Enzyte does not work as advertised.^[10] Despite manufacturer claims that Enzyte will increase penis size, girth, firmness, and improve sexual performance, there exists no scientific evidence that Enzyte is capable of these claims. In fact, Enzyte has never been scientifically tested by the FDA, or other independent third party.^[11] Accordingly, Enzyte is required by current US law to be marketed as an herbal supplement, and may not legally be called a drug. In keeping with FTC rulings, Enzyte is not allowed to claim these benefits in its advertising. However, as of June 2010, TV commercials for the product still use the phrase "natural male enhancement."

  Federal indictment and trial

Thousands of consumer complaints were made to the Better Business Bureau about the company's business practices, especially the "autoship" program that repeatedly charged their credit cards for refills even after they canceled their orders. Federal agents raided Berkeley facilities in March 2005, gathering material that led to criminal charges. On September 21, 2006, Berkeley Premium Nutraceuticals, its owner and president, Steven Warshak, and five other individuals were indicted by the United States, Southern District of Ohio, U.S. Attorney Greg Lockhart, on charges of conspiracy, money laundering; and mail, wire and bank fraud. The indictment alleged that the company defrauded consumers and banks of US$100 million.^[2][12] The United States Food and Drug Administration, Internal Revenue Service, United States Postal Inspection Service and other agencies participated in the investigation.^[13] The federal fraud trial began on January 8, 2008.^[14]

In testimony during the trial, a former executive with Berkeley testified that the enhancements that the company claimed were given by use of Enzyte were fabricated, and the company defrauded customers by continuing to charge them for additional shipments of the supplement. He further testified that company employees were instructed to make it as difficult as possible for unhappy customers to receive refunds.^[15]

  Conviction and sentencing

On February 22, 2008, Steven Warshak was found guilty of 93 counts of conspiracy, fraud and money laundering. On August 27, 2008 he was sentenced by U.S. District Judge Arthur Spiegel to 25 years in prison and ordered to pay $93,000 in fines. His company, Berkeley Premium Nutraceuticals, along with other defendants, was ordered to forfeit $500 million. His 75-year-old mother, Harriet Warshak, was sentenced to two years in prison^[16][17] but released on bond pending appeal after turning over her house, bank accounts and other assets related to her crimes.^[4]

Both Steven and Harriet Warshak appealed their convictions. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in United States v. Warshak (6th Cir. Dec. 14, 2010) 631 F.3d 266, upheld Steven Warshak's convictions, and upheld all convictions against Harriet Warshak except for money laundering, and vacated their sentences, remanding the sentencing to the lower court once more.

On September 21, 2011, Steven Warshak's sentence was reduced from 25 years to 10 years.^[18] With credit for time served he could be out in 5 years. His mother's sentence was reduced from two years to one day, she never served any time in jail.^[19] Factors in reducing the sentence were the amount of total loss by customers may have been less than $400 million, and the sentences of co-defendants were only two years.

  Continued company operation

The Warshaks' convictions and fines forced the company into bankruptcy. In December 2008 its assets were acquired from bankruptcy court for $2.75 million by investment company Pristine Bay, affiliated with Cincinnati developer Chuck Kubicki. Kubicki said he wanted to save the jobs of the company's 200 employees and retain a major tenant in one of his properties in suburban Cincinnati at Forest Park, Ohio. He said he would change the company name but would keep the brand.^[3] In March 2009 Hamilton County commissioners unanimously voted to give a $195,000 property tax break to the company based on projected jobs.^[20][21]

On June 26, 2009, the company name was changed to Vianda LLC. In a press release, the company announced plans to expand, hiring as many as 400 additional workers.^[22] On December 14, 2009, Cincinnati Business Courier reported employment of 180, sales projections of 400% growth to $120 million had been revised to an estimate of 33% growth to $40 million, management team changes and continued customer complaints of improper billing.^[23]

  See also

• Erectile dysfunction
• ExtenZe
• Penis enlargement
• Patent medicine

  References

  External links

• Enzyte website
• USAToday – Why is this man smiling? It's not Viagra