Significations et usages de Gorakhpur

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Gorakhpur
—  cultural city  —
Gorakhnath temple
Gorakhpur
Coordinates: 26°45′32″N 83°22′11″E / 26.7588°N 83.3697°E / 26.7588; 83.3697Coordinates: 26°45′32″N 83°22′11″E / 26.7588°N 83.3697°E / 26.7588; 83.3697
Country	India
State	Uttar Pradesh
District	Gorakhpur
Area
• Total	3,321 km2 (1,282 sq mi)
Population (2011)
• Total	4,436,275
• Density	1,336/km2 (3,460/sq mi)
Languages
• Official	Hindi
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN	2730XX
Telephone code	+91-551
Vehicle registration	UP 53
Sex ratio	1000/944 ♂/♀
Avg. annual temperature	26 °C (79 °F)
Avg. summer temperature	40 °C (104 °F)
Avg. winter temperature	18 °C (64 °F)
Website	gorakhpur.nic.in

Gorakhpur is a city in the eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh in India, near the border with Nepal. It is the administrative headquarters of Gorakhpur District and Gorakhpur Division. The city is also home to many historic Buddhist sites, Imambara, an 18th century dargah, and the Gita Press, a publisher of Hindu religious texts.

  Origin of name

The city and district of Gorakhpur are named after a renowned ascetic saint, Gorakshanath, the chief disciple of the yogi Matsyendranath. Together, Matsyendranath and Gorakshanath founded the Nath Sampradaya line of saints. Gorakhnath Temple is said to stand on the spot where Gorakshanath practiced Hatha Yoga to develop self-control.

  Location

The district of Gorakhpur lies between Lat. 26°13′N and 27°29′N and Long. 83°05′E and 83°56′E. The district occupies the north-eastern corner of the state along with the district of Deoria, and comprises a large stretch of country lying to the north of the river Rapti, the deep stream of which forms its southern boundary with the Azamgarh district. On the west, the boundary marches along Basti and on the east adjoins Deoria and the Chhoti Gandak Nadi and further south the Jharna Nala forms the dividing line. To the north lies Nepal.Gorakhpur has also a lake Ramgartal Lake, which is 18 km bigger. It is bigger than Dal Lake of Kashmir which is of 15.5 km Taal.It's vast and provides home to various types of fishes.

  Geography

It is located on the bank of river Rapti and Rohani, a Ganges tributary originating in Nepal that sometimes causes severe floods. The Rapti is interconnected through many other small rivers following meandering courses across the Gangetic Plain. The district presents characteristics distinct from natural features of the western districts of Uttar Pradesh. This difference is due primarily to the relative proximity of the Himalayas, the outermost foothills of which are only a few kilometres from the northern borders. The peak of Dhaulagiri, some 8,230 meters above sea-level, is visible under favourable climatic conditions as far south as Gorakhpur itself.

Below the outer hills is a dry boulder-strewn tract, corresponding to the Bhabar of Kumaun and Garhwal and here the bulk of the moisture contributed by the rainfall and the small streams is absorbed by the soil, to reappear through seepage in the damp and unhealthy tract, known as the terai. The latter comprises a belt some 16 km. in width, running along the northern borders of Maharajganj tahsil. It is extensively cultivated.

		Uttarvarsh
	Delhi<-Luckhnow		Kushinagar->Bihar
		GORAKHPUR
		Varanasi

  Geology

This section does not cite any references or sources. (February 2012)

The district geology is primarily river born alluvium. Few mineral products are mined in Gorakhpur, with the most common being a nodular limestone conglomerate known as kankar, brick, and saltpetre. The last occurs principally in the south and south-east and is manufactured in a crude state in considerable quantities most of it being exported to markets of Bihar. In the Bansgaon tahsil kankar is most abundant and quarries are seen at many places. It is also extracted from some places in Mahrajganj tahsil. Lime is obtained by burning kankar. Brick clay is abundant everywhere and bricks are made all over the district. The soil in the district is light sandy or dense clay of yellowish brown colour. The sand found in the rivers is medium to coarse grained, greyish white to brownish in colour and is suitable for construction

  गोरखनाथ मन्दिर के बाहर का चित्र (क्योंकि यहाँ अन्दर का चित्र लेना वर्जित है)

  Demographics

As per provisional data of 2011 census Gorakhpur urban agglomeration had a population of 692,519, out of which males were 365,148 and females were 327,371. The literacy rate was 85.64 per cent.^[1]

  History

This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2012)

  Ancient

In ancient times the geographical area of Gorakhpur included the modern districts of Basti, Deoria, Kushinagar, Azamgarh. According to Vedic writings, the earliest known monarch ruling over this region with his capital at Ayodhya was Iksvaku, founder of the Solar dynasty. The solar dynasty produced a number of kings; Rama of the Ramayana is most well-known. The entire region was an important centre of Aryan culture and civilization, a part of the famous kingdoms of Koshala and Malla, two of the sixteen Mahajanapadas (states) in 6th century BCE India. The region also formed part of Aryavart and Madhyadesh

Gorakhpur is also birthplace of the king Chandra Gupta Maurya, who belonged to Mauryans, a Kshatriya clan of the ancient republic of Pippalivana ("Piparahiyan" in modern day it falls into administrative range of Chauri Chaura tehsil in Gorakhpur) located between Rummindei in the Nepali Terai and Kasia in the Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh.

Gautama Buddha, founder of Buddhism, who was born at Kapilvastu in Nepal, renounced his princely clothing at the confluence of the rivers Rapti and Rohini, near Gorakhpur, before setting out on his quest of truth in 600 BCE. Later he died in the courtyard of Mall King Sastipal Mall at his capital Kushinara which is now known as Kushinagar, there is a monument to this effect at Kushinagar even today. The city is also associated with the travels of Lord Buddha's contemporary Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism. Lord Mahavira was born at a place not very far from Gorakhpur. Later he took his mahaparinirvan at his maternal uncle's palace at Pava which is about 15 kilometers from Kushinagar(Pavapuri and Kushinara were the twin capital of Mall dynasty which was part 16 Mahajanpads of ancient India). Malla dynasty was following democratic way of governance from their Santhagara and thus Gorakhpur is also the part of ancient Gana sangha. There is a mention in the epic Mahabharata that Prince Bhim, the younger brother of King Yudhistr had visited Gorakhpur to invite saint Gorakhnath to attend his Rajsuuya Yagna.

After the Iksvaku dynasty was conquered by Magadha's Nanda Dynasty in the 4th century BC, Gorakhpur became in turn part of the Maurya, Shunga, Kushana, Gupta and Harsha empires. The great emperor of India Chandragupta maurya belonged to Moriyas, a Kshatriya (warrior) clan of a little ancient republic of Pippalivana located between Rummindei in the Nepali Tarai and Kasia in the Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh.

In the 10th century, the Tharu king of Mausen Madan Singh ruled over Gorakhpur city and the adjoining area. Gorakhpur was also birthplace of King Vikas Sankrityayan.

  Medieval

In medieval times, the city was home to the medieval Hindu saint Gorakshanath, who gave the city its name. The date of Gorakshanath's birth has not yet been settled, but he probably lived in the twelfth century. The site of his samādhi (ecstasy) at Gorakhpur attracts a large number of pilgrims every year.

In the 12th century, the Gorakhpur region, as much of northern India, was conquered by the Muslim ruler Muhammad Ghori. The region remained under the influence of Muslim rulers, such as Qutb-ud-din Aybak and Bahadur Shah^{[disambiguation needed]}, for some centuries. In the early 16th century, the mystic poet and famous saint Kabir lived and worked in Maghar, a village 20 km from Gorakhpur, where his burial place still attracts many pilgrims.

On Akbar's reorganisation of the empire in the 16th century, Gorakhpur gave its name to one of the five Sarkars (administrative units) in the province of Awadh.

Imambara, an 18th century dargah, is located about 2 km from the railway station in Gorakhpur. Imambara is the dargah of Roshan Ali Shah, a Sufi saint. It preserves a dhuni (smoke fire), and is famous for its gold and silver Tazia.

  Modern

Gorakhpur came under direct British control in 1803. It was one of the major centers of the 1857 uprising, and later played a major role in the Indian independence movement.

Gorakhpur district was the scene of the Chauri Chaura^[2] incident of February 4, 1922, which was a turning point in the history of India's freedom struggle. Enraged by police atrocities, a crowd of 2,000 people burnt down the Chauri-Chaura^[3] Police Station, killing nineteen policemen. In response to this violence, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-Cooperation Movement that he had launched in 1920 and fasted for 21 days, until he was satisfied that all Non-Cooperation Movement activities had ceased.

After the verdict of Kakori conspiracy trial, prime accused of this case Ram Prasad Bismil was kept in the solitary cell of District jail (Gorakhpur) as a condemned prisoner. Living in the cell Bismil wrote his autobiography. He was executed in the jail on 19 December 1927 and was cremated at Rajghat on the bank of Rapti river in Gorakhpur.

  Other incidents

This section does not cite any references or sources. (June 2012)

In 1934, an earthquake (8.1 on the Richter scale) caused much damage in the city.

Two other important events in the district took place in 1942, shortly after the famous Quit India Resolution was proclaimed on August 8. On August 9, Jawaharlal Nehru was arrested and tried in this district; he spent the next three years in prison. At village Doharia kala (Pali block in Sahjanwa Tehsil) on August 23, a protest meeting was held against the British Government. Government forces opened fire unprovoked, killing nine and injuring hundreds. A Shaheed Smarak memorial stands on the spot today.

  Administrative structure

Gorakhpur is the headquarters of Gorakhpur Division and District. Gorakhpur division comprises four districts, Gorakhpur, Deoria, Mahrajganj and Kushinagar.

As a basic administration unit the district, has assumed a greater development and regulatory role consequent to emphasis on decentralised planning. It is divided into seven Tehsils ( Revenue Sub- Divisions) presided over by a Sub Divisional Magistrate. Tehsils are further subdivided into nineteen Development Blocks, Blocks into 191 Nyay Panchayat and these Nyay Panchayats into 1233 Gram Sabhas which consists of 3319 Revenue villages. The District Administrative unit is shown as:

Division of District into Tehsils and Blocks is shown below:

  Political representation

There are two Loksabha constituencies and nine assembly seats in the district of Gorakhpur.The sitting MPs are as follows

The sitting MLAs are as follows

The central business district of the city, Golghar, located near the geographical centre includes several major shops, hotels and restaurants, as well as the Rapti Complex, Baldev Plaza, Mangalam Tower and City shopping malls. The Rapti Complex, built in 1987, is the oldest complex in the area.

  Hathkargha and terracotta industry

The city is famous for hathkargha (a type of hand operated loom) industry. But due to competition from mechanised loom industry has been declining.

  Gorakhpur Industrial Development Authority (GIDA)

The city has an industrial area called "Gorakhpur Industrial Development Authority" or "GIDA".^[4] To revolutionise the industrialisation in this area, the state government established this industrial area in 1989 with the objective of creating an integrated model township which will have various large/medium and small scale industries, residential facilities, commercial areas, spaces for institutions of national importance as well as office complexes.

  North Eastern Railway headquarters and mechanical workshop

Gorakhpur is also the headquarters of North Eastern Railways.^[5] The mechanical workshop, NER, Gorakhpur was established in 1903. Steam engines were maintained here for a long time, but now diesel engines, coaches, and wagons are the main subjects of maintenance here.

  Air Force Station

An air force statution in Gorakhpur was established in 1963, with a variety of planes and services, most notably Jaguar fighter planes and the second oldest helicopter unit of Indian Air Force (NO. 105 Helicopter Unit).^[6]

  Media

Gorakhpur has all India radio and Doordarshan broadcasting and relay centres of its own. A number of Hindi newspapers including Dainik Jagran, Hindustan, Amar Ujala, Aaj, and Rashtriya Sahara are printed in the city.

The FM radio station, Radio Mantra (91.9 MHz) from Jagran Group also operates in the city.

  Culture

  Cuisine

Traditional cuisine includes platters of Galawati and Kakori kababs in Oudh and fish. Meat is generally available in the villages and even in the towns the cost makes it a luxury item, but now a day's the growing income of the area made it easy. Wheat, rice, gram, maize, and pulses along with curd, milk, vegetables, ghee and vegetable oils, constitute the items of daily food, rice being the staple food of the people. Coarse grains like jowar, makka, bajra, barley, kodon, madua and sawan, once formed the staple diet of the poor,are not grown these days. Among villagers, sattu, flour of parched gram and barley mixes, and chabena (parched grain) are quite popular. Finely ground sattu is used in the towns also. People generally eat two meals per day, one at around midday and another in the evening.

  Art

Traditional arts of the area include terracotta, wood carving, and stonemasonry.^{[citation needed]}

  Music

One of the main features of Gorakhpur's culture is a tradition of folk-songs and folk-dances. At the end of a working day, unwinding with singing and dancing is a popular pastime. This is particularly true during the rainy season between agriculture operations, and on winter nights, when there is little work and much time to fill. Folk-songs are also performed at various festivals during the year. The kaharwa is sung at Deepawali, the Alha and the kajari during the rainy and winter nights, and the Phaag during Holi. Songs are normally accompanied by instruments such as the harmonium, dholak, and manjira. Some of the most popular folk-dances are saved for occasions like festivals, fairs, and weddings.

  Entertainment

As elsewhere in India, cinema is most popular means of entertainment in Gorakhphur. There are ten cinemas in the district with a combined capacity of six thousand seats. Documentaries and mobile cinema cater for the rural areas of the district. Dramatic societies and circuses also visit the district. Dangal (wrestling matches), nautanki (indigenous open-air dramatic performances), bhajan and qawwali programmes, and mushaira are also arranged at different places from time to time. Ramlila and Krishnalila provide alternative entertainment. The city has a number of malls and multiplexes that include-

• City Mall (4 screen multiplex)
• Crossroads The Mall
• Maya Cineplex

  Parks and other leisure areas

Gorakhpur also has a number of parks, including:

• Prem Chand Park
• Vidhwansini Park
• Lal Diggi Park
• Indira Bal Vihar, Golghar
• Vinod Van(Located in Area Of IAF)
• Champa Devi Park
• Ambedkar Park
• Panth Park
• Gorakhpur university Grounds
• Ramgarh Tal lake

Vinod Van is one of the biggest zoos of East Uttar Pradesh.

The city also has a Rail museum where the history and antique locomotives of Indian Railways can be seen. The museum also have a toy train for children. The Rail museum is situated near the headquarters of North Eastern Railway.

There is a Buddhist museum called Lord Buddha sangrahalay near Taramandal. The museum houses a lot of things related to Lord Buddha and his life.

The city also has a planetarium at Taramandal.

  Notable residents

• Raghupati Sahay, Firaq Gorakhpuri - Famous writer, critic
• Prem Maya Sonir, hockey player
• Anurag Kashyap, film director and screenwriter
• Jimmy Shergill, actor
• Raj Shankar, biochemist
• Shakir Ali (barrister)
• Laxmikant-Pyarelal, Bollywood composer duo
• Billy Arjan Singh, hunter turned conservationist, author
• Raza Murad, actor
• Amrita Sher-Gil, painter
• Vaibhav Saxena, Bollywood music director
• Chunky Pandey, Bollywood actor
• Daler Mehndi, Bhangra pop singer

  Literature

One of the biggest attractions to visit when in Gorakhpur is Gita Press.^[7] It is the world's largest publishers of Hindu religious texts. The Gita Press was founded around year 1923 by Brahmalina Shri Jayadayalji Goyandka.

  Transport

  Railways

Gorakhpur railway station is the headquarters of India's North Eastern Railway. It connects to almost every major city in India. Direct trains connect to Hyderabad, Chennai, Agra, Bhopal, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Ujjain, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Trivandrum, Mumbai, Bangalore, Delhi, Kolkata, Lucknow, and other distant parts of the nation. The station offers Class A railway station facilities. There are plans to make world's Longest Railway Platform at Gorakhpur with a strech of around 1.35 kilometres (0.84 mi).^[8]

  Roadways

Major national highways intersect at Gorakhpur, including NH 28 and 29. Some important distances are: Kushinagar 50 km, Kanpur 359 km,Lucknow 276 km, Varanasi 231 km, Allahabad 339 km, Agra 624 km, Delhi 783 km, Kolkata 770 km, Gwalior 730 km, Bhopal 922 km and Mumbai 1690 km. Frequent bus services are available for most of these cities. Considerable improvement in this aspect is expected after the completion of the east-west corridor road project that enhances Gorakhpur's road connectivity.There are two bus station in gorakhpur One named railway bus stand which is nearest to railway station, and the other one is at Civil lines.

  Airlines

Gorakhpur is served by an airport located 6 km east from the city centre. It caters primarily to Indian Air Force traffic. A small number of domestic airlines operate civil aviation services to Delhi, Mumbai and elsewhere. Gorakhpur is also host to many tourists who use it as a hub to travel to Lord Buddha's pilgrimage sites. Actually gorakhpur airport is INDIAN AIR FORCE base. It,s main constituents are two squadrons of spectat jaguar jet fighter planes.Gorakhpur airport is also known as kasiya airport.It mainly serves for IAF planes and some private planes to some extent.

  Education

Gorakhpur is the birthplace of famous Saraswati Shishu Mandir^[9] of Saraswati Shishu Mandir group of schools.It was opened in 1952 at Pakkibagh,Gorakhpur. There are a lot of degree colleges here. The city also boasts of a state university,an autonomous government engineering college,a government medical college. Apart from this, there are numerous private engineering colleges, dental colleges, pharma colleges and institutes for MBA in the city,the details of which are as follows:

  Schools

• ChaCha Nehru Children School Kalepur Padleganj Gorakhpur
• H.P Children's Academy
• S.N.S High School
• RPM academy, civil lines
• Govt. Jubilee Inter College
• A D Govt. Girls inter College
• Carmel Girls Inter College
• Vatsalya Public School-Manas Vihar, Padari Bazar, Gorakhpur
• Miyan Sahab Islamia Inter College
• Air Force School
• Mahatma Gandhi Inter College
• N E R Senior Secondary School
• Maina devi girls inter college surajkhund gorakhpur
• Murari Children's Academy
• Springer Public School
• Little Flower School
• St. Joseph School
• St. Paul's School
• Central Academy
• F.C.I. Inter College
• Springer Loretto Girls Public School
• N E R Boys Inter College
• N E R Girls Inter College
• G.N.National Public School
• H.P Children's Academy
• Saraswati Shishu Mandir Sr. Secondary School
• St Xaviers Public School
• Metropolitan School
• Sanskriti Public School
• Rampus
• Sarvodaya kisan inter college
• Gandhi Shatabdi Inter College
• Maharana Pratap Inter College
• Nehru Inter College
• Rashtriya Inter College
• Abhay Nandan Inter College
• St. Anthony School
• Bright Land School
• Opex Public School
• Ram Narayan Girls Inter College
• Maharana Pratap Inter College
• Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 1, Air Force Station
• Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 2, FCI
• Divine Public School
• Vikas Bharti Public school
• Neena Thapa GRD High School
• Central Hindu School
• ABC Public School
• Blossom Sr. Secondary School
• Oxford Public School
• Naval's National Academy
• Netaji Defense academy
• Oxford Public School
• Maharshi Vidya Mandir
• Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya
• Gorakhpur Public School
• G N National Public school
• Baby Paradise Academy
• Don Bosco School
• Woodland Academy
• Empirical Academy Doudpur
• D B Inter collage
• DAV Inter collage
• centarl Public School chauri chaura
• R.S.M. School near MMMEC
• St. Andrew's Inter College
• Murari Inter collage Sahjanwa
• Sarvodaya kisan inter college kauriram
• Purva Madhyamik Vidyalya, Belghat Gorakhpur

  Degree colleges

• Arya Mahila Post Graduate College, Gorakhpur
• Madhusudan Das Degree College, Gorakhpur
• Bhawani Prasad Pandey Mahavidyalaya, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh
• Islamia College of Commerce Near Jubilee Talkies, Gorakhpur
• St. Andrew's Degree College, Civil lines, Gorakhpur
• Digvijay Nath Degree College
• Beyond Careers Golghar
• Saraswati Vidya Mandir Mahila Degree College, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh
• Imambara Degree college
• Deen Dayal Upadyaay Govt Degree College Sah
• M.G. Post Graduate College
• Marwar Business college, near jhankar cinema, Ghazi Rauza
• Shyameswar Degree College, Sikariganj, Gorakhpur
• Veer Bahadur Singh Degree college, Harnahi, Gorakhpur
• Chandra Kanti Ramavati Arya Mahila P.G. College, Gorakhpur
• Bapu Degree College peppeganj, Gorakhpur.
• V.S.A.V. Degree College, Gola Bazar Gorakhpur
• Smt. Draupadi devi Tripathi PG College, Rudrapur, khajani, Gorakhpur
• J.B. Mahajan Degree College, Chauri Chaura
• Gangotri Devi Mahila Degree College, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh
• Jawad Ali Shah Imambara Girls Post Graduate College, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh
• St Josephs College For Women, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh
• Veer Bahadur Memorial Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh
• ganga jmuna degree college

  Campus

  Engineering/Pharmacy colleges

• Madan Mohan Malaviya Engineering College
• Institute of Technology and Management, Gida
• Institute of Technology and Management for Women, Gida.
• Buddha Institute of Engineering and Technology
• Suyash Institute of information Technology
• Kailash Institute of Pharmacy and Management
• KIPM College of Management
• Manyawar Kanshiram Engineering College of Information Technology, azamgarh (study centre at mmmec, gorakhpur)
• Dr BR Ambedkar Pooja College of Pharmacy, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh

  Polytechnic/ITI institutes

• Govt Polytechnic College
• Govt girls Polytechnic college
• Govt ITI college
• M.P. Polytechnic^[10]

  Medical/dental colleges

• BRD Medical College^[11]

Established in the year 1969, Baba Raghav Das Medical College is 6th Medical College in Uttar Pradesh. This institution is affiliated with Gorakhpur University. Since 1980, the College is running Post Graduate training programme also, for the degree of M.S. & M.D. in Anatomy, Surgery, orthopaedics, Obst.& Gynaecology, Ophthalmology, Physiology, Pharmacology, Pathology, Anaesthesiology, Pediatrics, Medicine, Skin & V.D. etc.

• Gorakhpur School of Natural Therapeutics^[12]
• Purvanchal Institute of dental sciences^[13]
• Guru Shri Gorakshnath School of Nursing^[14]

  Ayurvedic hospitals

Veda Panchakarma Hospital & Research Institute (Eye, skin, neuro, & infertility)^[15]

  Universities

• Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University,^[16] with its many affiliated colleges.

  References