Significations et usages de Heihe

Heihe 黑河 瑷珲 ᠠᡳ᠌ᡥᡡᠨ
—  Prefecture-level city  —
黑河市
Heihe (red) in Heilongjiang province (orange) and China
Heihe Location of the city proper in Heilongjiang
Coordinates: 50°14′42″N 127°28′54″E / 50.245°N 127.48167°E / 50.245; 127.48167Coordinates: 50°14′42″N 127°28′54″E / 50.245°N 127.48167°E / 50.245; 127.48167
Country	People's Republic of China
Province	Heilongjiang
Area
• Prefecture-level city	54,390 km2 (21,000 sq mi)
• Metro	1,443 km2 (557 sq mi)
Population (2010)
• Prefecture-level city	1,673,898
• Metro	211,313
Time zone	China standard time (UTC+8)
Postal code	164300
Area code(s)	0456

Heihe (Chinese: 黑河; pinyin: Hēihé; "Black River") is a prefecture-level city of northern Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China, located on the Russian border, on the south bank of the Amur River, across the river from Blagoveshchensk. Heihe has a urban population of about 211,313, while the total population of the prefecture-level city is 1,673,893.^[1]

Heihe marks the northeast terminus of the Heihe–Tengchong Line, which is sometimes used to divide China into east and west.

  History

  Aigou (Aigun) shown as one of the few towns on the Amur, and one of the most important places in the region, on a 1706 French map

Heihe, formerly Aihui or Aigun, is among one of the five oldest cities in Heilongjiang Province, along with Tsitsihar, Yilan, Acheng and Hulan. Human being started to settle in Heihe region as early as the Paleolithic Age. Later it became home to local tribes. During the Qing Dynasty, Heihe was the first place troops sent to Heilongjiang were stationed. The predecessor of today's Heihe was the town established in 1683 some 30 km south of the modern city site^[2] (in today's Aihui District) and was known as Aigun, Heilongjiang, or Saghalien Ula. (The two last names both mean "the Black Dragon River" - the name for the Amur River in Chinese and Manchu, respectively). Aigun was the capital (the seat of the Military Governor) of Heilongjiang Province from 1683 to 1690, before the capital was moved to Nenjiang (Mergen).^[3] Later the governor office was transferred to Qiqihar. However, Aigun remained the seat of the Deputy Lieutenant-General (Fu dutong), responsible for a large district covering much of the Amur Valley within the province of Heilongjiang as it existed in those days.^[3]

  Muravyov's fleet off Aigun in 1854

Aigun was visited ca. 1709 as a part of a nationwide Sino-French cartographic program by the Jesuits Jean-Baptiste Régis, Pierre Jartoux, and Xavier Ehrenbert Fridelli,^[4] who found it a stronghold, serving as the base of Manchus controlling the Amur River basin. the Aigun Treaty was concluded at Aigun in 1898. According to this treaty, the left bank of the Amur River was conceded to Czarist Russia.

On November 15, 1980, Heihe City was established, administerring two county-level cities and three counties.

  Geography

Heihe is located at the right bank of the Amur, opposite to the city of Blagoveshchensk in Russia's Amur Oblast. Its jurisdictional area stretches for 54,390 km² (21,000 sq mi), and domestically, Heihe City borders Da Hinggan Ling Prefecture to the north, Yichun to the southeast, Suihua to the south, Qiqihar to the southwest, and Hulunbuir (Inner Mongolia) to the west. The Amur has formed the Sino-Russian border since the 1858 Aigun Treaty and 1860 Treaty of Peking. The area north of the Amur had previously belonged to Imperial China.

  Climate

Heihe experiences a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwb), but Dwa in the south of the prefecture, with long, bitterly cold, windy, but dry winters due to the influence of the Siberian high, and warm, wet summers, due to the East Asian monsoon. Based on data from 1971–2000, the monthly daily mean temperature in January, the coldest month, is −23.2 °C (−9.8 °F), and July, the warmest month, averages 20.8 °C (69.4 °F), with an average annual temperature +0.38 °C (32.7 °F). Close to two-thirds of the annual precipitation falls in the months of June to August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −44.5 °C (−48 °F) to 37.2 °C (99 °F).

  Administrative divisions

#	Name	Hanzi	Hanyu Pinyin	Population (2010 est.)	Area (km²)	Density (/km²)
1	Aihui District	爱辉区	Àihuī Qū	211,313	13,993	14
2	Bei'an City	北安市	Běi'ān Shì	436,444	6,313	74
3	Wudalianchi City	五大连池市	Wǔdàliánchí Shì	326,390	9,800	37
4	Nenjiang County	嫩江县	Nènjiāng Xiàn	495,519	15,360	33
5	Xunke County	逊克县	Xùnkè Xiàn	101,411	17,020	6
6	Sunwu County	孙吴县	Sūnwú Xiàn	102,821	4,454	22

  Transportation

 

The transportation to and from Heihe is as follows:

• Highways
  • China National Highway 202: Heihe–Dalian via Harbin, Jilin City and Shenyang
  • Provincial highways: Heihe–Mohe, etc.

• Railway (China Railways): Heihe–Bei'an to Harbin, Qiqihar and Daqing

• Waterway

Transportation between Blagoveshchensk and Heihe is by boat in the summer and by bus over the frozen river in the winter; when the ice is too thin to carry buses, the route is operated by hovercrafts.

• Air: Heihe Aihui Airport (HEK/ZYHE)
  • China Southern Airlines: Heihe–Beijing (Capital), –Harbin
  • Spring Airlines: Heihe–Harbin, and –Sanya
  • Shandong Airlines: Heihe–Harbin–Weihai–Jinan

  Energy

West of Heihe, there is an HVDC back-to-back station for realizing an interconnection between the power grids of Russia and China with 750 MW transmission capacity.

  Tourism

  The Amur River (Heilong Jiang)

Heihe has plenty of natural tourism resources, including the Amur River and Wudalianchi Lake (五大连池) and Wudalianchi Volcanic Range (五大连池火山群), where people can take a trip to local volcanoes. The Old City of Aigun is a famous historical scenic spot, in which the Treaty of Aigun between China and Russia was signed in the 19th century.

  Wudalianchi Volcanic Landforms National Geopark

  Sister city

• Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast, Russia

  See also

• Heihe–Tengchong Line

  References

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