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Significations et usages de Landscape

Définition

landscape (n.)

1.a genre of art dealing with the depiction of natural scenery

2.painting depicting an expanse of natural scenery

3.an extensive mental viewpoint"the political landscape looks bleak without a change of administration" "we changed the landscape for solving the problem of payroll inequity"

4.an expanse of scenery that can be seen in a single view

landscape (v.)

1.do landscape gardening"My sons landscapes for corporations and earns a good living"

2.embellish with plants"Let's landscape the yard"

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Merriam Webster

LandscapeLand"scape (?), n. [Formerly written also landskip.] [D. landschap; land land + -schap, equiv. to E. -schip; akin to G. landschaft, Sw. landskap, Dan. landskab. See Land, and -schip.]
1. A portion of land or territory which the eye can comprehend in a single view, including all the objects it contains.

2. A picture representing a scene by land or sea, actual or fancied, the chief subject being the general aspect of nature, as fields, hills, forests, water. etc. Compare seascape.

3. The pictorial aspect of a country.

The landscape of his native country had taken hold on his heart. Macaulay.

Landscape gardening, The art of laying out grounds and arranging trees, shrubbery, etc., in such a manner as to produce a picturesque effect.

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Définition (complément)

⇨ voir la définition de Wikipedia

Synonymes

Locutions

Adelaide University School of Architecture Landscape Architecture and Urban Design • Aerial landscape art • André Parmentier (landscape architect) • Australian Institute of Landscape Architects • Avenue (landscape) • Azibo Reservoir Protected Landscape • Barlinek-Gorzów Landscape Park • Barycz Valley Landscape Park • Bertiandos and São Pedro de Arcos Lagoons Protected Landscape • Beskydy Protected Landscape Area • Bielany-Tyniec Landscape Park • Biele Karpaty Protected Landscape Area • Blaenavon Industrial Landscape • Blott on the Landscape • Bolimów Landscape Park • Boundaries in landscape history • Brodnica Landscape Park • Brudzeń Landscape Park • Bystrzyca Valley Landscape Park • Bóbr Valley Landscape Park • Cedynia Landscape Park • Ceremonial landscape • Ceremonial stone landscape • Cerová vrchovina Protected Landscape Area • Charles Anderson Landscape Architecture • Charles Eliot (landscape architect) • Charles Stuart (landscape painter) • Chełm Landscape Park • Chełmno Landscape Park • Chełmy Landscape Park • Chojnów Landscape Park • Chęciny-Kielce Landscape Park • Chłapowski Landscape Park • Cisna-Wetlina Landscape Park • Cisów-Orłowiny Landscape Park • Ciężkowice-Rożnów Landscape Park • Clarence E. Lewis Landscape Arboretum • Collective landscape • Concrete landscape curbing • Conway School of Landscape Design • Corno do Bico Protected Landscape • Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape • Costa da Caparica Fossil Cliff Protected Landscape • Czarnorzeki-Strzyżów Landscape Park • Drawsko Landscape Park • Dunajské luhy Protected Landscape Area • Dłubnia Landscape Park • Energy landscape • English landscape garden • Epigenetic landscape • European Foundation for Landscape Architecture • European Landscape Convention • Evolutionary landscape • Experimental Station for Landscape Plants • Figure in a landscape • Figures in a Landscape • Figures in a Landscape (film) • Fitness landscape • Fractal landscape • Geo (landscape) • George London (landscape architect) • Girl in Landscape • Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape • Gostynin-Włocławek Landscape Park • Greenway (landscape) • Gryżyna Landscape Park • Góra Świętej Anny Landscape Park • Górzno-Lidzbark Landscape Park • Hard landscape materials • Harry Howard (landscape architect) • Henry Wright (landscape architect) • Historic landscape characterisation • History of landscape architecture • Home Depot Landscape Supply • Horná Orava Protected Landscape Area • Imaginary Landscape • Imaginary Landscape No. 1 • International Federation of Landscape Architects • Ińsko Landscape Park • Janów Forests Landscape Park • Jaśliska Landscape Park • Jeleniowska Landscape Park • Jezierzyca Valley Landscape Park • John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design • Kansas Landscape Arboretum • Kashubian Landscape Park • Kazimierz Landscape Park • Kozienice Landscape Park • Kozubów Landscape Park • Kozłówka Landscape Park • Krajna Landscape Park • Kraków Valleys Landscape Park • Krasnobród Landscape Park • Krzczonów Landscape Park • Krzesin Landscape Park • Książ Landscape Park • Kysuce Protected Landscape Area • Křivoklátsko Protected Landscape Area • Landscape (Art Pepper album) • Landscape (album) • Landscape (band) • Landscape (play) • Landscape Arch • Landscape Institute • Landscape Near Figueras • Landscape Park (protected area) • Landscape archaeology • Landscape architect • Landscape architecture • Landscape artist • Landscape assessment • Landscape at Collioure • Landscape connectivity • Landscape contracting • Landscape design • Landscape design software • Landscape designer • Landscape detailing • Landscape ecology • Landscape epidemiology • Landscape format • Landscape garden • Landscape history • Landscape in the Mist • Landscape lighting • Landscape manager • Landscape of Geometry • Landscape of agriculture • Landscape of the Body • Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture • Landscape park • Landscape planning • Landscape products • Landscape scale conservation • Landscape urbanism • Landscape with Charon Crossing the Styx • Landscape with the Fall of Icarus • Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem) • Landscape zodiac • Lednica Landscape Park • Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape • List of Landscape Parks of Poland • List of landscape architects • List of landscape gardens • List of schools of landscape architecture • Little Beskids Landscape Park • Little Carpathians Protected Landscape Area • Little Switzerland (landscape) • Lower Odra Valley Landscape Park • Masovian Landscape Park • Masurian Landscape Park • Minnesota Landscape Arboretum • More Echoes, Touching Air Landscape • Muskau Bend Landscape Park • National Landscape Conservation System • Natural landscape • Office landscape • Ontario Association of Landscape Architects • Opawskie Mountains Landscape Park • Owl Mountains Landscape Park • Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape • Ponitrie Protected Landscape Area • Poľana Protected Landscape Area • Pálava Landscape Protected Area • Robert Holden (landscape architect) • Rudy Landscape Park • San Valley Landscape Park • Sangam landscape • Serra de Montejunto Protected Landscape • Serra do Açor Protected Landscape • Silesian Beskids Landscape Park • Soft landscape materials • Space in landscape design • Spatially Explicit Landscape Event Simulator • Stonehenge Landscape • Stonehenge in its landscape • Strážov Mountains Protected Landscape Area • Sustainable landscape architecture • Szczebrzeszyn Landscape Park • Słonne Mountains Landscape Park • Słupia Valley Landscape Park • The Floating Landscape • The Landscape of Love • Tourist landscape • Townshend Landscape Architects • Upper Liswarta Forests Landscape Park • Utladalen Landscape Protection Area • Vihorlat Protected Landscape Area • Vistula Spit Landscape Park • Warta-Widawka Landscape Park • White Carpathians Protected Landscape Area • William Henderson (landscape gardener) • Wollaston landscape lens • Záhorie Protected Landscape Area • Český les Landscape Protected Area • Łagów Landscape Park • Łomża Landscape Park • Štiavnické vrchy Protected Landscape Area • Šumava National Park and Protected Landscape

Dictionnaire analogique

landscape (n.)

genre[Hyper.]

landscapist[Dérivé]







Wikipedia

Landscape

                   
  Diversified and partly man-shaped landscape in northern Mozambique. As it might be the case for this landscape, some have a visual appeal (being beautiful or picturesque).

Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land, including the physical elements of landforms such as (ice-capped) mountains, hills, water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds and the sea, living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation, human elements including different forms of land use, buildings and structures, and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions.

Combining both their physical origins and the cultural overlay of human presence, often created over millennia, landscapes reflect the living synthesis of people and place vital to local and national identity. Landscapes, their character and quality, help define the self image of a region, its sense of place that differentiates it from other regions. It is the dynamic backdrop to people’s lives.

The Earth has a vast range of landscapes including the icy landscapes of polar regions, mountainous landscapes, vast arid desert landscapes, islands and coastal landscapes, densely forested or wooded landscapes including past boreal forests and tropical rainforests, and agricultural landscapes of temperate and tropical regions.

Landscape may be further reviewed under the following specific categories: cultural landscape, landscape ecology, landscape planning, landscape assessment and landscape design.

  Etymology

  The mountainsand forests of Yunnan are an example of landscapes that can be perceived and valued as natural and pristine.
  Landscapes have inspired artistic creations, Nahuel Huapi National Park in the picture inspired some landscapes of Bambi

It is believed that the word land, landscipe or landscaef entered the English language some time after the 5th century.[1] These terms referred to a system of human-made spaces in the land - spaces such as fields with boundaries though not necessarily defined by fences or walls. It also referred to a natural unit, a region or tract of land such as a river valley or range of hills as occupied by a tribe or later, ruled by a feudal lord. The term is similar in meaning to the German landschaft referring to a small administrative unit or region. The term fell into disuse and by the time of the Domesday Book in the 11th century the word did not appear in any translation from the Latin.

The modern form of the word with its connotations of scenery appeared in the late 16th century when the term landschap was introduced by Dutch painters when referring to paintings of inland natural or rural scenery. Landscape, first recorded in 1598, was borrowed as a painters' term from Dutch during the 16th century, when Dutch artists were on the verge of becoming masters of the landscape art genre. The Dutch word landschap had earlier meant simply 'region, tract of land' but had acquired the artistic sense, which it brought over into English, of 'a picture depicting scenery on land'.

According to Jackson: "From 1577 with Harrison's Description of Britain onwards, a new awareness of the aesthetic nature of landscape emerged as a new kind of topographical writing flourished...".[2] Originally the term was translated landskip which the Oxford English Dictionary refers to as the corrupt form of the word, gradually to be replaced by landscape. The English word is not recorded as used for physical landscapes before 1725.[3]

Following a lengthy analysis concentrating on the German term landschaft, Richard Hartshorne[4] defined landscape as referring to "the external, visible, (or touchable) surface of the earth. This surface is formed by the outer surfaces, those in immediate contact with the atmosphere, of vegetation, bare earth, snow, ice, or water bodies or the features made by man."

Hartshorne differentiated the term from region which he considers is larger and more flexible in size. He eliminated sky on the basis that the atmosphere is simply the medium through which the Earth's surface is viewed and also excludes underground mine workings, the soil beneath vegetation and rainfall. However he included moveable objects noting that a view of Broadway (New York City) without traffic would be incomplete. He ignored the inclusion of oceans in landscape. He opposed perception of landscapes by other than sight, e.g. sounds and odours, on the grounds that these do not contribute to a unified concept. In regard to the concept of natural and cultural landscapes that Carl Sauer among others differentiated, he stated "the natural landscape ceased to exist when man appeared on the scene". While admitting the term primeval landscape could refer to pre-human landscapes he considered the present natural landscape is "a theoretical concept which never did exist".

During the 1920s and 1930s, attempts were made to construct methodologies that made landscape the essential if not exclusive task of geography.[5] This stemmed from Sauer's view that the role of geography was to systematically examine the "phenomenology of landscape". Sauer viewed landscapes broadly as areas comprising distinct associations of forms, both physical and natural, and regarded landscape study as tracing the development of natural landscapes into cultural landscapes.

By the 1940s, this emphasis had passed as geographers found that the difficulties associated with reconstructing the past were forbidding and at odds with their primary concern with the present world. The concept of a natural landscape became increasingly questioned with knowledge of human impact on the environment. More recent geographers have addressed the subjective attributes of a place within humanistic geography thus crossing the bridge between the objective and the subjective assessment of an area.[6]

The popular conception of the landscape that is reflected in dictionaries conveys a particular and a general meaning; the particular referring to an area of the Earth's surface and the general meaning being that which can be seen by an observer.

With greater attention to the environmental perception by psychologists over recent decades, landscape is regarded as the raw material with which to study human perceptions and human information processing. Thus Daniels & Cosgrove[7] defined landscape, not in physical terms but as an outward expression of human perception: "a landscape is a cultural image, a pictorial way of representing, structuring or symbolising surroundings." Meinig combined the physical and the psychological: "any landscape is composed not only of what lies before our eyes but what lies within our heads.".[8]

In recent decades the term environment has gained wide usage. Jay Appleton (see Environmental psychology) distinguished environment from landscape by referring to the latter as "the environment perceived". An advantage which the term environment has over landscape is, as Bourassa noted,[9] that environment can refer more readily to urban scenes although the term urban landscape is also in common usage. As the term environment embraces the total physical, biological, cultural and aesthetic components of an area, it is generally regarded as too broad and encompassing a term for landscape.

The terms scene, scenic and scenery are inadequate descriptions of landscape. With its roots in the theatre where a scene describes a portion of a play, so a scene can describe a portion of a landscape. Scenery, which describes the decorative backdrops used on a stage, also refers to the general appearance of a place, particularly a picturesque view. While it can be used interchangeably with landscape it does not convey the same depth of meaning.

The term landscape aesthetics or just aesthetics is frequently used in the literature. Aesthetics has a more controversial origin than landscape. It derived from the Greek aesthesis meaning "sense perception". The term was used as the title of the book Aesthetica [1750-58] by Alexander Baumgarten [1714 - 62], a minor German philosopher who incorrectly applied the Greek term to a critique of the beautiful or the theory of taste (sociology). Thus the term which originally applied to the broad field of sense perception was restricted to the area of taste. Immanuel Kant in 1781 criticised this use and applied it in accordance with its classical meaning "the philosophy of sensuous perception".[10] However, the corrupted term aesthetics gained popular acceptance entering England after 1830 and, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, within a century of the coining of the meaning by Baumgarten, it was in use widely throughout Europe.

The dictionary definition of aesthetic perpetuates Baumgarten's error and defines it as "things perceptible by the senses as opposed to things thinkable or immaterial",[11] "pertaining to the sense of the beautiful or the science of aesthetics"Macquarie Dictionary, 1981., or "of, relating to, or dealing with aesthetics or the beautiful".[12] Aesthetics is regarded as a branch of philosophy, that which "deduces from nature and taste the rules and principles of art, the theory of the fine arts; the science of the beautiful..." [10] or "[that] dealing with the nature of the beautiful and with judgements concerning beauty".[3]

Thus landscapes have often been the subject of inquiry within the broad framework of aesthetics in the quest for an understanding of beauty.

  See also

  References

  1. ^ Calder, W.,1981, Beyond the View - our changing landscapes. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Jackson, J.B., 1986, The vernacular landscape, in Penning-Rowsell, E.C. & D. Lowenthal, Landscape Meanings and Values, Allen & Unwin, London, p 65 - 79. James, P.E., 1934. The terminology of regional description. Annals of Assoc of Am Geog, 2, 78 - 79.
  2. ^ Jackson, J.B., 1986, The vernacular landscape, in Penning-Rowsell, E.C. & D. Lowenthal, Landscape Meanings and Values, Allen & Unwin, London, p 65 - 79.
  3. ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary
  4. ^ Hartshorne, R. 1939. The Nature of Geography, A critical survey of current thought in the light of the past [reprinted with corrections 1961, Annals of Assoc of Am Geog. 29:3-4.]
  5. ^ Mikesell, M.W., 1968, Landscape. in International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences.
  6. ^ Tuan, Y.F., 1976. Review of “The Experience of Landscape”. Professional Geographer, 28:1, 104 - 5.
  7. ^ Daniels S. & D. Cosgrove, Introduction: iconography and landscape, in Cosgrove, D. & S. Daniels, 1988. The Iconography of Landscape: essays on the symbolic representation, design, and use of past environments. Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  8. ^ Meinig, D.W., 1976. The beholding eye, Ten versions of the same scene. Landscape Architecture, 66, 47 - 54.
  9. ^ Bourassa, S.C., 1991. The Aesthetics of Landscape, Belhaven Press, London.
  10. ^ a b Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, 1966. C.T. Onions [Ed], MacMillan, New York.
  11. ^ Shorter Oxford Dictionary, 1973
  12. ^ Websters Dictionary, 1973.
   
               

 

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