Définitions et usages de : List_of_memory_biases - Dictionnaire de anglais sensagent

In psychology and cognitive science, a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a reported memory. There are many different types of memory biases, including:

Choice-supportive bias: remembering chosen options as having been better than rejected options (Mather, Shafir & Johnson, 2000)
Change bias: after an investment of effort in producing change, remembering one's past performance as more difficult than it actually was^[1]
Childhood amnesia: the retention of few memories from before the age of four
Conservatism or Regressive Bias - tendency to remember high values and high likelihoods/probabilities/frequencies lower than they actually were and low ones higher than they actually were. Based on the evidence, memories are not extreme enough^[2]^[3]
Consistency bias: incorrectly remembering one's past attitudes and behaviour as resembling present attitudes and behaviour.
Context effect: that cognition and memory are dependent on context, such that out-of-context memories are more difficult to retrieve than in-context memories (e.g., recall time and accuracy for a work-related memory will be lower at home, and vice versa)
Cross-race effect: the tendency for people of one race to have difficulty identifying members of a race other than their own
Cryptomnesia: a form of misattribution where a memory is mistaken for imagination, because there is no subjective experience of it being a memory.^[1]
Egocentric bias: recalling the past in a self-serving manner, e.g., remembering one's exam grades as being better than they were, or remembering a caught fish as bigger than it really was
Fading affect bias: a bias in which the emotion associated with unpleasant memories fades more quickly than the emotion associated with positive events.^[4]
False memory – a form of misattribution where imagination is mistaken for a memory.
Generation effect (Self-generation effect): that self-generated information is remembered best. For instance, people are better able to recall memories of statements that they have generated than similar statements generated by others.
Google effect: the tendency to forget information that can be easily found online.
Hindsight bias: the inclination to see past events as being predictable; also called the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect.
Humor effect: that humorous items are more easily remembered than non-humorous ones, which might be explained by the distinctiveness of humor, the increased cognitive processing time to understand the humor, or the emotional arousal caused by the humor.
Illusion-of-truth effect: that people are more likely to identify as true statements those they have previously heard (even if they cannot consciously remember having heard them), regardless of the actual validity of the statement. In other words, a person is more likely to believe a familiar statement than an unfamiliar one.
Illusory correlation – inaccurately remembering a relationship between two events.^[5]
Lag effect: see spacing effect
Leveling and Sharpening: memory distortions introduced by the loss of details in a recollection over time, often concurrent with sharpening or selective recollection of certain details that take on exaggerated significance in relation to the details or aspects of the experience lost through leveling. Both biases may be reinforced over time, and by repeated recollection or re-telling of a memory.^[6]
Levels-of-processing effect: that different methods of encoding information into memory have different levels of effectiveness (Craik & Lockhart, 1972).
List-length effect: a smaller percentage of items are remembered in a longer list, but as the length of the list increases, the absolute number of items remembered increases as well.
Misinformation effect: that misinformation affects people's reports of their own memory.
Misattribution: when information is retained in memory but the source of the memory is forgotten. One of Schacter's (1999) Seven Sins of Memory, Misattribution was divided into Source Confusion, Cryptomnesia and False Recall/False Recognition.^[1]
Modality effect: that memory recall is higher for the last items of a list when the list items were received via speech than when they were received via writing.
Mood congruent memory bias: the improved recall of information congruent with one's current mood.
Next-in-line effect: that a person in a group has diminished recall for the words of others who spoke immediately before or after this person.
Osborn effect: that being intoxicated with a mind-altering substance makes it harder to retrieve motor patterns from the Basal Ganglion. (e.g., Shushaka, 1958).
Part-list cueing effect: that being shown some items from a list makes it harder to retrieve the other items (e.g., Slamecka, 1968).
Peak-end effect: that people seem to perceive not the sum of an experience but the average of how it was at its peak (e.g. pleasant or unpleasant) and how it ended.
Persistence: the unwanted recurrence of memories of a traumatic event.
Picture superiority effect: that concepts are much more likely to be remembered experientially if they are presented in picture form than if they are presented in word form.^[7]
Placement bias - tendency to remember ourselves to be better than others at tasks at which we rate ourselves above average (also Illusory superiority or Better-than-average effect)^[8] and tendency to remember ourselves to be worse than others at tasks at which we rate ourselves below average (also Worse-than-average effect^[9]
Positivity effect: that older adults favor positive over negative information in their memories.
Primacy effect, Recency effect & Serial position effect^[10]: that items near the end of a list are the easiest to recall, followed by the items at the beginning of a list; items in the middle are the least likely to be remembered.^[10]
Processing difficulty effect
Reminiscence bump: the recalling of more personal events from adolescence and early adulthood than personal events from other lifetime periods (Rubin, Wetzler & Nebes, 1986; Rubin, Rahhal & Poon, 1998).
Rosy retrospection: the remembering of the past as having been better than it really was.
Self-reference effect: the phenomena that memories encoded with relation to the self are better recalled than similar information encoded otherwise.
Self-serving bias – perceiving oneself responsible for desirable outcomes but not responsible for undesirable ones.
Source Confusion: misattributing the source of a memory, e.g. misremembering that one saw an event personally when actually it was seen on television.
Spacing effect: that information is better recalled if exposure to it is repeated over a longer span of time.
Stereotypical bias: memory distorted towards stereotypes (e.g. racial or gender), e.g. "black-sounding" names being misremembered as names of criminals^[1]
Suffix effect: the weakening of the recency effect in the case that an item is appended to the list that the subject is not required to recall (Morton, Crowder & Prussin, 1971).
Suggestibility: a form of misattribution where ideas suggested by a questioner are mistaken for memory.
Subadditivity effect – the tendency to estimate that the likelihood of a remembered event is less than the sum of its (more than two) mutually exclusive components.^[11]
Telescoping effect: the tendency to displace recent events backward in time and remote events forward in time, so that recent events appear more remote, and remote events, more recent.
Testing effect: that frequent testing of material that has been committed to memory improves memory recall.
Tip of the tongue phenomenon: when a subject is able to recall parts of an item, or related information, but is frustratingly unable to recall the whole item. This is thought to be an instance of "blocking" where multiple similar memories are being recalled and interfere with each other^[1]
Verbatim effect: that the "gist" of what someone has said is better remembered than the verbatim wording (Poppenk, Walia, Joanisse, Danckert, & Köhler, 2006).
Von Restorff effect: that an item that sticks out is more likely to be remembered than other items (von Restorff, 1933).
Zeigarnik effect: that uncompleted or interrupted tasks are remembered better than completed ones.

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Schacter, Daniel L. (1999). "The Seven Sins of Memory: Insights From Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience". American Psychologist 54 (3): 182–203. DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.182. PMID 10199218.
^ Attneave, F. (1953). Psychological probability as a function of experienced frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46(2), 81-86.
^ Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P., & Lichtenstein, S. (1977). Knowing with certainty: The appropriateness of extreme confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3(4), 552-564. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.3.4.552
^ Walker, W. Richard; John J. Skowronski, Charles P. Thompson (2003). "Life Is Pleasant—and Memory Helps to Keep It That Way!". Review of General Psychology (Educational Publishing Foundation) 7 (2): 203–210. DOI:10.1037/1089-2680.7.2.203. http://www.apa.org/journals/releases/gpr72203.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
^ Fiedler, K. (1991). The tricky nature of skewed frequency tables: An information loss account of distinctiveness-based illusory correlations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(1), 24-36.
^ Koriat, A.; M. Goldsmith, A. Pansky (2000). "Toward a Psychology of Memory Accuracy". Annual Review of Psychology 51 (1): 481–537. DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.481. PMID 10751979.
^ Nelson, D. L.; U. S. Reed, J. R. Walling (1976). "Pictorial superiority effect". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory 2: 523–528.
^ Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1121-1134. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121
^ Kruger, J. (1999). Lake Wobegon be gone! The "below-average effect" and the egocentric nature of comparative ability judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(2),
^ ^a ^b Martin, G. Neil; Neil R. Carlson, William Buskist (2007). Psychology (3rd ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 309–310. ISBN 978-0-273-71086-8.
^ Tversky, A., & Koehler, D. J. (1994). Support theory: A nonextensional representation of subjective probability. Psychological Review, 101(4), 547-567.

References

Greenwald, A. (1980). "The Totalitarian Ego: Fabrication and Revision of Personal History" American Psychologist, Vol. 35, No. 7.
Schacter, D. L., J. Y. Chiao, J. P. Mitchell. (2003). "The Seven Sins of Memory. Implications for Self" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1001 (1), 226–239.

Memory

Basic concepts	Encoding Storage Recall Attention Memory consolidation Neuroanatomy of memory

Long-term memory	Active recall Autobiographical memory Declarative memory Episodic memory Explicit memory Flashbulb memory Hyperthymesia Implicit memory Meaningful learning Procedural memory Rote learning Selective retention Semantic memory Tip of the tongue

Short-term memory	"The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two" Working memory

Sensory memory	Echoic memory Eidetic memory Iconic memory Motor learning Visual memory

Forgetting	Amnesia Anterograde amnesia Childhood amnesia Decay theory Forgetting curve Interference theory Memory inhibition Motivated forgetting Post-traumatic amnesia Psychogenic amnesia Repressed memory Retrograde amnesia Selective memory loss Transient global amnesia Weapon focus

Research	Art of memory Memory and aging Exceptional memory Indirect tests of memory Lost in the mall technique Memory disorder Methods used to study memory Reconstruction of automobile destruction The Seven Sins of Memory

Related concepts	Absent-mindedness Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model Confabulation Context-dependent memory Cryptomnesia Effect of Alcohol on Memory Emotion and memory Exosomatic memory Flashbacks Free recall Involuntary memory Levels-of-processing effect List of memory biases Memory and aging Memory for the future Memory and trauma Metamemory Mnemonic Muscle memory Priming Prospective memory Recovered memory therapy Retrospective memory Sleep and Memory Source-monitoring error Memory improvement

Culture and society	Cultural memory False memory syndrome Politics of memory Shass Pollak Transactive memory Memory and social interactions Memory sport World Memory Championships

Notable people	Robert A. Bjork Stephen J. Ceci Susan Clancy Hermann Ebbinghaus Sigmund Freud Patricia Goldman-Rakic Jonathan Hancock Judith Lewis Herman HM (patient) Ivan Izquierdo Marcia K. Johnson Eric Kandel KC (patient) Elizabeth Loftus Geoffrey Loftus James McGaugh Paul R. McHugh George Armitage Miller Brenda Milner Lynn Nadel Dominic O'Brien Ben Pridmore Henry L. Roediger III Steven Rose Cosmos Rossellius Daniel Schacter Richard Shiffrin Arthur P. Shimamura Andriy Slyusarchuk Larry Squire Susumu Tonegawa Anne Treisman Endel Tulving Robert Stickgold

Biases

Cognitive bias	Acquiescence bias Anchoring bias Attentional bias Attributional bias Belief bias Choice-supportive bias Confirmation bias Confirmatory thought Congruence bias Correspondence bias Halo effect Hindsight bias Introspection illusion Memory bias Motivated reasoning Outcome bias Publication bias Reporting bias Self-serving bias Status quo bias

Statistical bias	Area bias Ascertainment bias Bias of an estimator Information bias Lead time bias Leading question bias Observer bias Omitted-variable bias Recall bias Response bias Sampling bias Selection bias Self-selection bias Social desirability bias Spectrum bias Stereotype threat Systematic bias Systemic bias

Other/ungrouped	FUTON bias No abstract available bias

Significations et usages de List_of_memory_biases

Définition

List of memory biases

See also

Footnotes

References