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Significations et usages de Paralysis

Définition

paralysis (n.)

1.loss of the ability to move a body part

Paralysis (n.)

1.(MeSH)A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)

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Merriam Webster

ParalysisPa*ral"y*sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. para`lysis, fr. paraly`ein to loosen, dissolve, or disable at the side; para` beside + ly`ein to loosen. See Para-, and Loose, and cf. Palsy.] (Med.) Abolition of function, whether complete or partial; esp., the loss of the power of voluntary motion, with or without that of sensation, in any part of the body; palsy. See Hemiplegia, and Paraplegia. Also used figuratively; as, paralysis of the will. “Utter paralysis of memory.” G. Eliot.

Mischievous practices arising out of the paralysis of the powers of ownership. Duke of Argyll (1887).

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Définition (complément)

⇨ voir la définition de Wikipedia

Synonymes

Voir aussi

paralysis (n.)

paralysed, paralytic, paralyzed

Locutions

Avellis paralysis • Brown-Sequard's Paralysis • Congenital spastic paralysis (cerebral) • Dementia in paralysis agitans • Diaphragmatic Paralysis • Diver's palsy or paralysis • Erb Paralysis • Erb's paralysis due to birth injury • Erb-Duchenne Paralysis • Erb-Duchenne paralysis • Facial Paralysis • Facial Paralysis, Central • Facial Paralysis, Idiopathic • Facial Paralysis, Peripheral • Fowl Paralysis • Fowl Paralysis Virus • General Paralysis • Hemifacial Paralysis • Herpetic Facial Paralysis • Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis • Infantile Paralysis • Klumpke Paralysis • Klumpke's paralysis due to birth injury • Landry's paralysis • Laryngeal Paralysis • Millard-Gubler paralysis • Myotonic Periodic Paralysis • Oculomotor Nerve Paralysis • Oculomotor Paralysis • Paralysis Agitans • Paralysis agitans • Paralysis of both lower limbs NOS • Paralysis of both upper limbs • Paralysis of bowel • Paralysis of colon • Paralysis of diaphragm • Paralysis of glottis • Paralysis of intestine • Paralysis of lower limb • Paralysis of upper limb • Paralysis of vocal cords and larynx • Paralysis, Bulbar • Paralysis, General • Paralysis, Hyperkalemic Periodic • Paralysis, Hypokalemic Periodic • Paralysis, Legs • Paralysis, Lower Extremities • Paralysis, Lower Limbs • Paralysis, Obstetric • Paralysis, Obstetrical • Paralysis, Periodic, Hyperkalemic, Familial • Paralysis, Pseudobulbar • Paralysis, Respiratory Muscle • Paralysis, Sleep • Paralysis, Spinal, Quadriplegic • Paralysis, Unilateral, Vocal Cord • Paralysis, Vocal Cord, Unilateral • Partial Paralysis (Paresis) Vocal Cords • Periodic Paralysis, Familial • Periodic paralysis • Periodic paralysis (familial) hyperkalaemic • Periodic paralysis (familial) hypokalaemic • Periodic paralysis (familial) myotonic • Periodic paralysis (familial) normokalaemic • Peroneal Nerve Paralysis • Phrenic nerve paralysis due to birth injury • Pseudobulbar Paralysis • Pupillary Paralysis • Pupillary Sector Paralysis • Ramsay Hunt Paralysis Syndrome • Respiratory Paralysis • Sleep Paralysis • Third-Nerve Paralysis • Tick Paralysis • Todd Paralysis • Todd's Paralysis • Todd's paralysis • Todd's paralysis (postepileptic) • Total Vocal Cord Paralysis • Traumatic paralysis (transient) NOS • Unilateral Paralysis, Vocal Cord • Vocal Cord Paralysis • Vocal Cord Paralysis, Unilateral • crutch paralysis • familial spastic paralysis • flaccid paralysis • infantile paralysis • muscular paralysis • paralysis (complete)(incomplete), except as in G80, G81, G82 • paralysis agitans • spastic paralysis • unilateral paralysis • vasomotor paralysis

Dictionnaire analogique

Wikipedia

Paralysis

                   
Paralysis
MeSH D010243

Paralysis is loss of muscle function for one or more muscles. Paralysis can be accompanied by a loss of feeling (sensory loss) in the affected area if there is sensory damage as well as motor. A study conducted by the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation, suggests that about 1 in 50 people have been diagnosed with paralysis. [1] The word comes from the Greek παράλυσις, "disabling of the nerves",[2] itself from παρά (para), "beside, by"[3] + λύσις (lusis), "losing"[4] and that from λύω (luō), "to lose".[5]

Contents

  Causes

Paralysis is most often caused by damage in the nervous system, especially the spinal cord. Other major causes are stroke, trauma with nerve injury, poliomyelitis, botulism, spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Temporary paralysis occurs during REM sleep, and dysregulation of this system can lead to episodes of waking paralysis. Drugs that interfere with nerve function, such as curare, can also cause paralysis. There are many known causes for paralysis, and perhaps more yet to be discovered.

Pseudoparalysis (pseudo- meaning "false, not genuine", from Greek ψεῦδος[6]) is voluntary restriction or inhibition of motion because of pain, incoordination, orgasm, or other cause, and is not due to actual muscular paralysis.[7] In an infant, it may be a symptom of congenital syphilis.[8]

  Variations

Paralysis can occur in localised or generalised forms, or it may follow a certain pattern. Most paralyses caused by nervous-system damage (i.e. spinal-cord injuries) are constant in nature; however, some forms of periodic paralysis, including sleep paralysis, are caused by other factors.

Ascending paralysis presents in the lower limbs before the upper limbs. It can be associated with:

Ascending paralysis contrasts with descending paralysis, which occurs in conditions such as botulism.

  Paralysis in the animal world

Many animal species use paralysing toxins to capture prey, evade predation, or both.

  In invertebrates

A well-known example is the tetrodotoxin of fish species such as Takifugu rubripes, the famously lethal pufferfish of Japanese fugu. This toxin works by binding to sodium channels in nerve cells, preventing the cells' proper function. A non-lethal dose of this toxin results in temporary paralysis. This toxin is also present in many other species ranging from toads to nemerteans.

Some species of wasp, to complete the reproductive cycle, the female wasp paralyses a prey item such as a grasshopper and places it in her nest. She then lays eggs in the paralysed insect, which is devoured by the larvae when they hatch.

  In vertebrates

Paralysis can be seen in breeds of dogs that are chondrodysplastic. These dogs have short legs, and may also have short muzzles. Their intervertebral disc material can calcify and become more brittle. In such cases, the disc may rupture, with disc material ending up in the spinal canal, or rupturing more laterally to press on spinal nerves. A minor rupture may only result in paresis, but a major rupture can cause enough damage to cut off circulation. If no signs of pain can be elicited, surgery should be performed within 24 hours of the incident, to remove the disc material and relieve pressure on the spinal cord. After 24 hours, the chance of recovery declines rapidly, since with continued pressure, the spinal cord tissue deteriorates and dies.

Another type of paralysis is caused by a fibrocartilaginous embolism. This is a microscopic piece of disc material that breaks off and becomes lodged in a spinal artery. Nerves served by the artery will die when deprived of blood.

The German Shepherd is especially prone to developing degenerative myelopathy. This is a deterioration of nerves in the spinal cord, starting in the posterior part of the cord. Dogs so affected will become gradually weaker in the hind legs as nerves die off. Eventually their hind legs become useless. They often also exhibit faecal and urinary incontinence. As the disease progresses, the paresis and paralysis gradually move forward. This disease also affects other large breeds of dogs. It is suspected to be an autoimmune problem.

Cats with a heart murmur may develop blood clots that travel through arteries. If a clot is large enough to block one or both femoral arteries, there may be hind leg paralysis because the major source of blood flow to the hind leg is blocked.

Many snakes exhibit powerful neurotoxins that can cause non-permanent paralysis or death.

  See also

  References

  1. ^ http://www.christopherreeve.org/site/c.mtKZKgMWKwG/b.5184189/k.5587/Paralysis_Facts__Figures.htm
  2. ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "παράλυσις". A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpara%2Flusis.  on Perseus
  3. ^ Liddell & Scott 1940, παρά
  4. ^ Liddell & Scott 1940, λύσις
  5. ^ Liddell & Scott 1940, λύω
  6. ^ Liddell & Scott 1940, ψεῦδος
  7. ^ TheFreeDictionary > pseudoparalysis , in turn citing The American Heritage Medical Dictionary 2007, 2004
  8. ^ Workowski KA, Berman SM (August 2006). "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006". MMWR Recomm Rep 55 (RR-11): 1–94. PMID 16888612. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5511a1.htm. "... evidence of congenital syphilis (e.g., nonimmune hydrops, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, rhinitis, skin rash, and/or pseudoparalysis of an extremity)." 
  9. ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Tick paralysis
   
               

 

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