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Persian language |
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Regional and social varieties: Grammar: Language features:
Writing systems: Geographic distribution: |
The Persian language has six vowel phonemes and twenty-three consonant phonemes. It features contrastive stress and syllable-final consonant clusters.
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Diachronically, Persian possessed a distinction of length in its underlying vowel inventory, contrasting the long vowels /iː/, /uː/, /ɒː/ with the short vowels /e/, /o/, /æ/ respectively.
Word-final /o/ is rare except for /to/ ('you' [singular]), and word-final /æ/ is very rare in Iranian Persian, except for /næ/ ('no'). The word-final /æ/ in Early New Persian mostly shifted to /e/ in contemporary Iranian Persian (often romanized as "eh"), but is preserved in the Eastern dialects.
The chart to the right reflects the vowels of many educated Persian speakers from Tehran.[1]
Several diphthongs occur in Persian, including /ej/, /ow/, /aj/, /ɒj/, /oj/, and /uj/.
Phoneme (in IPA) | Letter | Romanization | Example(s) |
---|---|---|---|
/æ/ | َ , ا | a, æ | /næ/ نه 'no' |
/ɒː/ | آ , ا | a, á, aa, ā, â, A | /tɒː/ تا 'till' |
/e/ | ِ , ا | e | /ke/ که 'that' |
/iː/ | ی | i, ee | /kiː/ کی 'who' (informal) |
/o/ | ا , ُ , و | o | /to/ تو 'you' (singular) |
/uː/ | و | u, oo, ou | /tuː/ تو 'in' (informal)' |
Diphthong (in IPA) | Letter | Romanization | Example(s) |
---|---|---|---|
/ej/ | ی | ey, ei, ay, ai | /kej/ کی 'when' |
/ow/ | و | ow, au, ou | /now/ نو 'new' |
Early New Persian had eight vowels: i, ī, ē, u, ū, ō, a, ā (in IPA: /i iː eː u uː oː æ ɒː/). The following chart describes their shifts into Tajik, Afghan Dari, and contemporary Iranian Persian. [2]
Early NP | i | ī | ē | u | ū | ō | a | ā |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dari | e | i | ē | o | u | ō | a | ā |
Iranian | e | ī | o | ū | a | ā | ||
Tajik | i | e | u | ů | a | o |
Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | [ŋ] | ||||
Stop | p b | t d | k ɡ | [q ɢ] | ʔ | ||
Affricate | tʃ dʒ | ||||||
Fricative | f v | s z | ʃ ʒ | x ɣ | h | ||
Tap | ɾ | ||||||
Trill | [r] | ||||||
Approximant | l | j |
(Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Allophones are in phonetic square brackets.)
Phoneme | Sound (in IPA) | Letter | Romanization | Example |
---|---|---|---|---|
/p/ | [p] | پ | p | /peˈdæɾ/ پدر (father) |
/b/ | [b] | ب | b | /bærɒːˈdær/ برادر (brother) |
/t/ | [t] | ت , ط | t | /tɒː/ تا 'till' |
/d/ | [d] | د | d | /duːst/ دوست 'friend' |
/k/ | [k] | ک | k | /keʃˈvæɾ/ کشور 'country' |
/ɡ/ | [ɡ] | گ | g | /ɡoˈruːh/ گروه 'group' |
/ʔ/ | [ʔ] | ع , ء | ', ʔ | /mæʔˈnɒː/ معنا 'meaning' |
/tʃ/ | [t͡ʃ] | چ | ch, č | /tʃuːb/ چوب 'wood' |
/dʒ/ | [d͡ʒ] | ج | j | /dʒæˈvɒːn/ جوان 'young' |
/f/ | [f] | ف | f | /feˈʃɒːɾ/ فشار 'pressure' |
/v/ | [v] | و | v | /viːˈʒe/ ویژه 'special' |
/s/ | [s] | س , ص , ث | s | /sɒːˈje/ سایه 'shadow' |
/z/ | [z] | ز , ذ , ض , ظ | z | /ɒːˈzɒːd/ آزاد 'free' |
/ʃ/ | [ʃ] | ش | sh, š | /ʃɒːh/ شاه 'king' |
/ʒ/ | [ʒ] | ژ | zh, ž | /ʒɒːˈle/ ژاله 'dew' |
/x/ | [x] | خ | kh, x | /xɒːˈne/ خانه 'house' |
/ɣ/ | [ɣ] | ق , غ | gh, q | /dæɣiːˈɢe/ دقیقه 'minute' |
/ɢ/ | [ɢ] | ق , غ | q, gh | /ɢæˈlæm/ قلم 'pen' |
/h/ | [h] | ه , ح | h | /hæft/ هفت 'seven' |
/m/ | [m] | م | m | /mɒːˈdær/ مادر 'mother' |
/n/ | [n] | ن | n | /nɒːn/ نان 'bread' |
/ŋ/ | [ŋ] | ن | ng, ŋ | /rænɡ/ رنگ 'color' |
/l/ | [l] | ل | l | /læb/ لب 'lip' |
/ɾ/ | [ɾ] | ر | r | /iːˈɾɒːn/ ایران 'Iran' |
/j/ | [j] | ی | y | /jɒː/ یا 'or' |
Consonants can be geminated, often in words from Arabic. This is represented in the IPA either by doubling the consonant, [sejjed], or with the length marker ⟨ː⟩, [sejːed].[3]
Alveolar stops /t/ and /d/ are either apico-alveolar or apico-dental. The voiceless obstruents /p, t, tʃ, k/ are aspirated much like their English counterparts: they become aspirated when they begin a syllable, though aspiration is not contrastive.[4] The Persian language does not have syllable-initial consonant clusters (see below), so unlike in English, /p, t, k/ are aspirated even following /s/, as in /hæstæm/ ('I exist').[5] They are also aspirated at the end of syllables, although not as strongly.
The velar stops (viz. k, g) are palatalized before the three front vowels or at the end of a syllable.
In Classical Persian, غ and ق denoted the original Arabic phonemes, the voiced velar fricative [ɣ] and the voiceless uvular stop [q], respectively. In modern Tehrani Persian (which is used in the Iranian mass media), there is no difference in the pronunciation of غ and ق, and they are both normally pronounced as a voiced uvular stop [ɢ]; however, when they are positioned intervocalically and unstressed, lenition occurs and they tend to be pronounced more like a voiced velar fricative [ɣ]. [1] [6] [7] The classic pronunciations of غ and ق are preserved in the eastern variants of Persian (i.e. Dari and Tajiki), as well as in the southern dialects of the modern Iranian variety (e.g. Yazdi and Kermani dialects).
The alveolar flap /ɾ/ has a trilled allophonic variant [r] at the beginning of a word, as in Spanish, Catalan, and other Romance languages in Spain.[4]
Velar nasal [ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ before [g], [k], [ɣ], [ɢ], and [x].
Syllables may be structured as (C)V(C)(C).[4][6]
One syllable in each word (or breath group) is stressed, and knowing the rules is conducive to proper pronunciation.[8]
Formal | Informal | Meaning |
---|---|---|
/diːˈde.æm/ | /diːˈdæm/ | 'I have seen' |
/ˈdiːdæm/ | /ˈdiːdæm/ | 'I saw' |
When spoken formally, Iranian Persian is pronounced as written. But colloquial pronunciation as used by all classes makes a number of very common substitutions. They include:[8][9]
Broad IPA Transcription | Native orthography | Gloss |
---|---|---|
/jek ˈɾuzi ˈbɒde ʃoˈmɒl bɒ xorˈʃid bɒhæm dæʔˈvɒ ˈmikæɾdænd ke ˈɒjɒ koˈdɒm jeki ɢæviˈtæɾ æst/[1] |
یک روزی باد شمال با خورشید با هم دعوا میکردند که آیا کدام یکی قویتر است
|
[One day] the North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Iranian Persian pronunciation |
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