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Shah (n.)
1.title for the former hereditary monarch of Iran
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Merriam Webster
ShahShah (shä), n. [Per. shāh a king, sovereign, prince. Cf. Checkmate, Chess, Pasha.] A former title of the supreme ruler in certain Eastern countries, especially Persia and Iran. [Written also schah.]
Shah Nameh. [Per., Book of Kings.] A celebrated historical poem written by Firdousi, being the most ancient in the modern Persian language. Brande & C.
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⇨ voir la définition de Wikipedia
Shah (n.)
Shah (n.)
crowned head, monarch, sovereign[Hyper.]
Wikipedia
Emperor : Shah | |
High King | |
King : Sultan | |
Royal Prince : Shahzada, Mirza | |
Noble Prince : Sahibzada | |
Nobleman: Nawab, Baig |
This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2011) |
Shāh (/ˈʃɑː/; Persian: شاه, [ʃɒː]) is a title given to the lords of certain countries of the Middle East, especially, formerly, the rulers of the Persian Empire or Iran. It was also used by some of the Mughal rulers in the Indian subcontinent. The word derives from the Sanskrit kshatriya via Old Persian: the full title of the Achaemenid rulers (First Persian Empire) was Kshatriya Kshatriyanamah, "King of Kings". Persian Shah should not be confused with the Indian family name of Shah prevalent in Western India which is also derived from Sanskrit but from a different word Sadhu and the Prakrit word Sahu.
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Shah or Shahanshah ("King of Kings") was the title of Persian emperors or kings. It includes rulers of the first Persian Empire, the Achaemenid dynasty, who unified Persia and created a vast intercontinental empire, as well as rulers of succeeding dynasties. The title was also extensively used later by emperors of the Indian subcontinent, including those of the Mughal Empire. For instance, the third Mughal emperor, Akbar the Great (1542–1605), was formally known as "Shahanshah Akbar-e-Azam".
The full title of the Achaemenid rulers was Kshatriya Kshatriyanamah, "King of Kings" in Old Persian (Kshatriya is a Sanskrit word denoting warrior and King), corresponding to Middle Persian šāhān šāh, literally "kings' king", and Modern Persian shāhanshāh (شاهنشاه).[citation needed] In Greek, this phrase was translated as "βασιλεύς τῶν βασιλέων (basileus tōn basiléōn)", "king of kings", equivalent to emperor. Both terms were often shortened to their roots: shah and basileus.
In Western languages, shah is often used as an imprecise rendering of shāhanshāh. The term was first recorded in English in 1564 as a title for the king of Persia, with the spelling "Shaw". For a long time, Europeans thought of shah as a particular royal title rather than an imperial one, although the monarchs of Persia regarded themselves as emperors of the Persian Empire (later the Empire of Iran). The European opinion changed in the Napoleonic era, when Persia was an ally of the Western powers eager to make the Ottoman Sultan release his hold on various (mainly Christian) European parts of the Ottoman Empire, and western (Christian) emperors had obtained the Ottoman acknowledgement that their western imperial styles were to be rendered in Turkish as padishah.
The last shah of Persia, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, officially adopted the title شاهنشاه shâhanshâh (literally King of Kings) and, in western languages, the rendering as "Emperor". He also styled his wife شهبانو shahbânu (empress).
Shahzada (Persian شاهزاده Šāhzādé). In the realm of a shah (or a more lofty derived ruler style), a prince of the blood was logically called shahzada as the term is derived from shah using the Persian patronymic suffix -zāde or -zāda, "son, descendant". However the precise full styles can differ in the court traditions of each shah's kingdom. Female descendants or princesses are called Shahzadi.
Thus, in Oudh, only sons of the sovereign shah bahadur (see above) were by birth-right styled "Shahzada [personal title] Mirza [personal name] Bahadur", though this style could also be extended to individual grandsons and even further relatives. Other male descendants of the sovereign, in the male line were merely styled "Mirza [personal name]" or "[personal name] Mirza". This could even apply to non-Muslim dynasties. For example, the younger sons of the ruling Sikh maharaja of Punjab were styled "Shahzada [personal name] Singh Bahadur".
The corruption shahajada, "Shah's son", taken from the Mughal title Shahzada, is the usual princely title borne by the grandsons and male descendants of a Nepalese sovereign, in the male line.
For the heir to a "Persian-style" shah's royal throne, more specific titles were used, containing the key element Vali Ahad, usually in addition to shahzada, where his junior siblings enjoyed this style.[clarification needed]
Look up shah in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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