Significations et usages de Surface_marker_buoy

A surface marker buoy, SMB or simply a blob is an inflatable buoy used by scuba divers, with a line, to indicate the diver's position to their surface safety boat while the diver is underwater.

  Standard buoy

  Surface marker buoy

SMBs are inflated on the surface before diving to mark the diver's position during drift dives, night dives, mist or disturbed sea conditions such as Beaufort force 2 or greater. The buoy lets the dive boat follow the divers and highlights their position to other boat traffic.

Divers need to consider some configuration options and features when using SMBs.^[1] A closed SMB, with a valve through which the user blows, is likely to be more reliable, by remaining inflated, than an open ended buoy or a delayed buoy which seals itself as it inflates.

To avoid losing the reel, a lanyard attaches the diving reel to the diver. This lanyard can clip to the buoyancy compensator or go around the wrist. Alternatively, the lanyard can be long enough to float above the diver and stay out of the way. If the lanyard clips to the buoyancy compensator, the user should take care to release if there is surface boating activity, as boats may drag divers up by their SMB reels.

The DIR diving philosophy considers unsafe any attachment to equipment or objects which end above the water surface, due to high risk associated with dragging the diver upwards in spite of their decompression obligation or maximum ascent speed limit.

  Decompression buoy

  Packed Surface marker buoy

  Delayed surface marker buoy ready to be inflated

  Delayed surface marker buoy inflated

  Deco buoy with diver at the surface

  A diver preparing to inflate a surface marker buoy using the primary demand valve

A delayed surface marker buoy (DSMB), decompression buoy or deco buoy is similar to a surface marker buoy but is deployed whilst the diver is submerged and generally only towards the end of the dive. The buoy marks the diver's position underwater so the boat safety cover can locate the diver even though the diver may have drifted some distance from the dive site while doing decompression stops. A reel and line connect the buoy on the surface to the diver beneath the surface. Alternative means of marking one's position while doing decompression stops are diving shots and decompression trapezes.

A decompression buoy is not intended to be used to lift heavy weights: in this case divers use a lifting bag.

  Design

There are at least four methods of keeping the air in the inflated deco buoy. The buoy can be:^[1]

• open ended (preferably with small independent weight to keep the opening submerged to prevent the air escaping);
• open ended self sealing buoys (the air in the buoy expands as the buoy ascends sealing a neck at the bottom of the buoy);
• sealed, with an inflation valve and a pressure relief valve;
• sealed, with a built in air supply and a pressure relief valve.

Divers of some training organisations carry two differently coloured deco buoys underwater so that they can signal to their surface support for help and still remain underwater decompressing. For example, in some circles in Europe, a red buoy indicates normal decompression and a yellow buoy indicates a problem, such as shortage of gas, that the surface support should investigate and resolve. Although in other circles, two buoys (any colour) up one line means the same, currently the protocol is not universally accepted even within Europe.

Some types of buoy provide an attachment for a strobe light, cyalume stick or writing slate, which can convey signals to the surface support.

  Deployment problems

Several common problems are encountered when deploying deco buoys.

• The diving reel jams after the buoy is inflated (dragging the diver up). To avoid this, a diver can:
  • use a simpler system or a reel which cannot jam (e.g. a weighted spool of line);
  • detach the lanyard connecting the diver to the reel before inflating the buoy (and ensure no equipment is trapped in the buoy or reel);
  • attach two reels to each other in series. If one fails the other is unlocked to reel out its line.
• Part of the diver's equipment gets trapped in the deco buoy (dragging the diver up). To avoid this, a diver may tie the lanyard of the reel to something solid on the sea bed before inflating the buoy, giving time to sort the problem out.
• The diver removes the primary demand valve from his or her mouth to inflate the buoy, and is therefore at a disadvantage in dealing with any other problems that might arise as the deco buoy goes up. The ways to avoid this include:
  • using a deco buoy with its own air supply;
  • using a secondary demand valve, such as an octopus, to inflate the buoy;
  • using a sealed buoy with an inflation valve, which is filled by blowing directly into the valve inlet or by attaching a medium-pressure inflation hose from the buoyancy compensator (BCD) or dry suit (the valve does not retain the hose connector, like the BCD or suit inflator valve, and the hose can be easily pulled off the valve when the buoy is sufficiently filled);
  • holding an open ended buoy above the primary demand valve and direct several exhalations up into the open end of the buoy. This technique is also useful in cold conditions to prevent a freeflow caused by pressing the purge button.

  Safety sausage

  A diver with an orange safety sausage attached to a D-ring.

A safety sausage is a buoy used when the diver is at the surface to indicate the diver's position to the dive boat, reducing the risk of losing contact when air, light or sea conditions decrease the visibility of the divers from the boat.^[2][3] The sausage is a plastic tube that is normally inflated by putting one end under water and purging the second stage underneath to inflate it. Inflated tubes are normally about 6 feet (2 m) tall. Uninflated sausages roll up and fit in a buoyancy compensator pocket. Commercial boat dive operations, especially at offshore reefs or areas known for strong currents or mercurial weather, may require divers to carry safety sausages. A safety sausage is not a substitute for a surface marker buoy or diver down flag.

  References

  See also

• Line holder

  External links

• British Diving Safety Group advice on SMBs
• Gledhill, Clare (2008-01-21). "SMB Deployment". DIRdiver.co.uk. http://www.dirdiver.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=135&Itemid=26. Retrieved 2009-05-15.  - Description of deployment technique and video of diver performing task.
• Wallbank, Alister (2001). "Can anybody see me? (modified reprint from DIVER 2000; 45 (2) February: 72-74)". Journal of the South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society 31 (2): 116–119. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7727. Retrieved 2008-10-13.