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Catalog number | KNM-WT 15000 |
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Common name | Turkana Boy |
Species | Homo erectus or Homo ergaster |
Age | 1.6 mya |
Place discovered | Lake Turkana, Kenya |
Date discovered | 1984 |
Discovered by | Kamoya Kimeu/Richard Leakey |
Turkana Boy, also occasionally, Nariokotome Boy is the common name of fossil KNM-WT 15000,[1] a nearly complete skeleton of a hominid who died in the early Pleistocene. This specimen is the most complete early human skeleton ever found. It is 1.5 million years old.[2] Turkana Boy is classified as either Homo erectus or Homo ergaster.
His age has been estimated from 7 years six months to as old as 15 years. The most recent scientific review suggests 8 years of age.[3] It was initially suggested that he would have grown into 1.85 m tall adult but the most recent analysis argues for the much shorter stature of 1.63 m.[3] The reason for this shift has been research showing that his growth maturation differed from that of modern humans in that he would have had a shorter and smaller adolescent growth spurt.[3]
The skeleton was discovered in 1984 by Kamoya Kimeu, a member of a team led by Richard Leakey, at Nariokotome near Lake Turkana in Kenya.[4]
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The shape of the pelvis identifies that the specimen was a male. His estimated age at death depends upon whether the maturity stage of his teeth or skeletal is used, and whether that maturity is compared to that of modern humans or chimpanzees.[3] A key factor here is that while modern humans have a marked adolescent growth spurt, chimpanzees do not. While initial research assumed a modern human type of growth, more recent evidence from other fossils suggests this was less present in early Homo. This affects the estimation of both his age and his likely stature as a fully grown adult.[3]
The specimen comprises 108 bones, making it the most complete early human skeleton discovered. The skeleton is about 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in) tall. In adulthood, Turkana Boy might have reached 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) tall and massed 68 kg (150 lb).
The pelvis is narrower than in Homo sapiens, which might indicate more efficient running[citation needed], whether to run down small game or to avoid predators. Turkana Boy's people might have hunted more than did Homo habilis. The Boy was relatively tall, which would have increased his surface area and helped him to dump heat.[9]
Body hair may also have been thinner to hasten cooling. In The Evolution of Bipedality and Loss of Body hair in Hominids, P. E. Wheeler suggests that body hair was lost in the shift towards savanna living. In equatorial Africa, modern humans evolved this trait an estimated one million years ago.[citation needed] However, more recent research indicates that Ardipithecus ramidus developed bipedality for moving through trees about 4.4 million years ago.[10]
The overall KNM-WT 15000 skeleton still had features (such as a low sloping forehead, strong brow ridges, and the absence of a chin) not seen in H. sapiens. The arms were slightly longer. Turkana Boy had a projecting nose rather than the open flat nose seen in apes.[9][not in citation given]
The fossil skeleton and other fossil evidence such as Acheulean stone tools prompt the majority of scientists to conclude that Homo ergaster and Homo erectus - unlike their more primitive ancestors – became efficient hunters. The social structure would probably have become more complex with a larger brain volume; the Broca's area of the brain allows speech and is noted by a slight slant on the cranium. However, there are different views on the origin of language:
Turkana Boy's thoracic vertebrae are narrower than in Homo sapiens.[11] This would have allowed him less motor control over the thoracic muscles that are used in modern humans to modify respiration to enable the sequencing upon single out breaths of complex vocalizations.[12]
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