Unhappy triad
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| This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (May 2008) |
| Unhappy triad | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
Knee | |
| ICD-10 | S83.7 |
An unhappy triad (or terrible triad, or O'Donoghue's triad[1]) is an injury to the knee. It commonly occurs in contact sports (such as American football). The mechanism for this injury occurs when a lateral (outside) force to the knee is received while the foot is fixed on the ground in external rotation.
Contents |
Structures in triad
This scenario causes an injury to three knee structures:
- the anterior cruciate ligament
- the medial collateral ligament (or "tibial collateral ligament")
- the medial meniscus
Terminology
The term "unhappy triad" was coined by O'Donoghue in 1950.[2][3][4] However, since then, this term and the term "terrible triad" have also been used to describe several other combinations of joint injuries, including those of the elbow[5] and shoulder.[6]
The term "terrible triad" is also sometimes used in the popular press to describe conditions relating to pain, or even to refer to the MacDonald triad of sociopathic behavior.
See also
Additional images
Gray348.png Left knee-joint from behind, showing interior ligaments. | Gray352.png Capsule of right knee-joint (distended). Posterior aspect. |
References
- ^ Shelbourne K, Nitz P (1991). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "The O'Donoghue triad revisited. Combined knee injuries involving anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament tears"]. Am J Sports Med 19 (5): 474–7. doi:. PMID 1962712.
- ^ Barber F (1992). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "What is the terrible triad?"]. Arthroscopy 8 (1): 19–22. PMID 1550645.
- ^ O'Donoghue D (1950). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Surgical treatment of fresh injuries to the major ligaments of the knee"]. J Bone Joint Surg Am 32 (A:4): 721–38. PMID 14784482.
- ^ O'Donoghue D. [Expression error: Missing operand for > "The unhappy triad: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment"]. Am J Orthop 6: 242–7 PASSIM. PMID 14237439.
- ^ Pugh D, McKee M (2002). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "The "terrible triad" of the elbow"]. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg 6 (1): 21–9. doi:. PMID 16520629.
- ^ Simonich S, Wright T (2003). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Terrible triad of the shoulder"]. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 12 (6): 566–8. doi:. PMID 14671520.
External links
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