Significations et usages de Yishiha

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Yishiha (Chinese: 亦失哈; Wade-Giles: Ishiha or I-shih-ha; also Isiha^[1]) (fl. 1409–1451) was a eunuch in the service of the Ming Dynasty emperors of China who carried out several expeditions down the Sungari and Amur Rivers,^[1] and is credited with the construction of the only two Ming Dynasty Buddhist temples ever built on the territory of today's Russia.^[2]

Early life

It is believed that Yishiha was a Haixi Jurchen by origin,^[1][3]and was captured by the Chinese forces in the late 14th century.^[1]He worked under two important eunuchs, Wang Zhen and Cao Jixiang.It is speculated by modern historians that he rose to prominence by participating in the court politics and serving Yongle's concubines of Manchurian (Jurchen) origin.^[4]

Amur expeditions

Yishiha's Amur expeditions belong to the same period of the Yongle Emperor's reign (1402–1424) which saw another eunuch admiral, Zheng He, sail across the Indian Ocean, and Chinese ambassadors reach the Timurid capital Herat (in today's Afghanistan) overland.^[5] By 1409, Yongle's government, who had already established relations with the Haixi and Jianzhou Jurchens in southern Manchuria, ordered Yishiha to start preparations for an expedition to the lower Amur River region, to demonstrate the power of the Ming Empire to the Nurgal (奴儿干) Jurchen populating the area and induce them to enter into relations with the empire, and to ensure that they would not create trouble for the Ming state when the latter went to war with the Eastern Mongols.^[1]

In 1411, after two years of preparations, Yishiha's fleet of 25 ships with 1000 men aboard^[1] sailed from Jilin City^[1] down the Sungari and into the Amur. The "Nurgal Jurchens" offered little oppositions to Yishiha's expedition. He gave generous gifts to their tribal leaders, and established a "Nurgal Regional Military Commission" (奴儿干都司, Nu'ergan Dusi), ^[1] at the place the Chinese called Telin (特林), near today's village of Tyr in Russia's Khabarovsk Krai. This was the same place where in 1260-1320 the Yuan had the headquarters of their Marshal of the Eastern Campaigns.^[2] The commission's authority covered much of the Amur basin, including the shores of the Sungari, Ussuri, Urmi, Muling, and Nen Rivers.^[3] Yishiha then returned to the empire, taking with him a tribute-bearing mission of 178 "Nurgal Jurchens". ^[1]

In 1413-1414, during his second expeditions to the lower Amur, Yishiha stayed almost a year at Tyr.^[4] He built a Buddhist temple (sometimes described as a "monastery") named Yongning Si (永宁寺, the Temple of Eternal Peace) dedicated to Guanyin on the Tyr Cliff, and erected a stele describing his expedition, with the text in Chinese, Mongol, and Jurchen languages.^[1] The stele, presently kept in the Arseniev Museum in Vladivostok, described the locals as good archers and fishermen, and their clothes as made of fishskin.^[6] According to some evidence (a seal issued by the empire's Ministry of Rites, found in Yilan County, Heilongjiang), in 1413 Yishiha also visited the nearby coast of the Sakhalin Island, and granted Ming titles to a local chieftain.^[3]

While no detailed ethnographic data about the "Nurgal Jurchens" has been found in Chinese records, it was, apparently, a collective name for the Tungusic peoples and possibly other groups (e.g. Nivkhs^[7]) populating the area. As of the mid-19th century, Tyr was a Gilyak (Nivkh) settlement, as attested by a contemporary encyclopedia^[8] and the book by E.G. Ravenstein, based on the accounts of the Russian explorers of the 1850s.^[9] Another ethnic group native to the Ulchski District (where Tyr is located) are the Ulchs, a Tungusic people, but their home villages are all located upstream from Tyr.^[10]

During the rest of Yongle's reign, Yishiha carried out three more expeditions to Nurgal, while the Nurgal natives sent some more tribute and trade missions to the Ming court.^[1]

Yongle's successor (short-lived Hongxi (r. 1424–25), or, more likely, Xuande (r. 1425–35)) continued Yongle's policy toward the "Wild Jurchens". In 1425, the Liaodong regional commissioner, Liu Qing, was ordered to build ships for another expedition down the river, and in 1426 Yishiha sailed again. ^[1]

Yishiha's last mission was connected to the retirement of the Nurgal chief and the "inauguration" of his son as his successor. Yishiha attended at that event in 1432, presenting the new chief a seal of authority and giving gifts to subordinate chieftains.^[1][11] This time Yishiha's fleet included 50 big ships with 2,000 soldiers, and they actually brought the new chief (who had been living in Beijing) to Tyr.^[4]As Yoshiha's first (1413) Yongning Si temple had been destroyed by that time, Yishiha had a second temple of the same name built. According to the modern archaeologists, his second temple was not built at the site of his first temple (as it had been commonly believed), but rather at the site of its ancient predecessor - the Yuan Dynasty Yongning Si temple. As the archaelogical research has revealed, the 1413 temple was located some 90 meters to the west of the top of the Tyr Cliff, where Yishiha's 1430s temple (and its Yuan predecessor) were located.^[2] A second stele was put next to the second temple. The stele has also survived, and now is also located in Vladivostok Museum.

According to modern historians, Yishiha made the total of nine^[3] expeditions to the Lower Amur.

Later career

In the 1430s the Xuande government stopped sending sea and river expeditions, and the naval (or, rather, riverine) career of Yishiha came to an end, as did that of his more famous colleague Zheng He. In 1435 Yishiha was put in charge of the defense of the Liaodong region; he remained at this post for over 15 years.^[1] Apparently, his performance during the raids of the Oirad Mongol chief Esen Tayisi was considered unsatisfactory, and some time between 1449 and 1451 his was relieved of his duties. No later traces of him have been found by modern historians.^[1]

References