Définitions et usages de : anabolism - Dictionnaire de anglais sensagent

Définition

anabolism (n.)

1.the synthesis in living organisms of more complex substances (e.g., living tissue) from simpler ones together with the storage of energy

Anabolism (n.)

1.(MeSH)The chemical reactions that occur within the cells, tissues, or an organism. These processes include both the biosynthesis (ANABOLISM) and the breakdown (CATABOLISM) of organic materials utilized by the living organism.;The study of metabolite profiles in biological samples. The metabolome is the collection of all metabolites in a cell which may be modeled as SYSTEMS BIOLOGY or CHEMICAL MODELS. It may be considered the resultant of the PROTEOME or PROTEOMICS.;The study of metabolite patterns in biological samples and correlation with xenobiotic challenge and disease states. The word was coined by Nicholson in 1999.

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Merriam Webster

AnabolismA*nab"o*lism (�), n. (Physiol.) The constructive metabolism of the body, as distinguished from catabolism.

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This article is about anabolism and catabolism as classifications of metabolism. For steroids with anabolic properties, see Anabolic steroid.

Anabolism (from Greek ana, "upward", and ballein, "to throw") is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units.^[1] These reactions require energy. One way of categorizing metabolic processes, whether at the cellular, organ or organism level is as 'anabolic' or as 'catabolic', which is the opposite. Anabolism is powered by catabolism, where large molecules are broken down into smaller parts and then used up in respiration. Many anabolic processes are powered by adenosine triphosphate (ATP).^[2]

Anabolic processes tend toward "building up" organs and tissues. These processes produce growth and differentiation of cells and increase in body size, a process that involves synthesis of complex molecules. Examples of anabolic processes include the growth and mineralization of bone and increases in muscle mass. Endocrinologists have traditionally classified hormones as anabolic or catabolic, depending on which part of metabolism they stimulate. The classic anabolic hormones are the anabolic steroids, which stimulate protein synthesis and muscle growth. The balance between anabolism and catabolism is also regulated by circadian rhythms, with processes such as glucose metabolism fluctuating to match an animal's normal periods of activity throughout the day.^[3]

References

^ de Bolster, M.W.G. (1997). "Glossary of Terms Used in Bioinorganic ChemKk isistry: Anabolism". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/bioinorg/AB.html#20. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
^ Nicholls D.G. and Ferguson S.J. (2002) Bioenergetics Academic press 3rd edition ISBN 0-12-518121-3
^ Ramsey KM, Marcheva B, Kohsaka A, Bass J (2007). "The clockwork of metabolism". Annu. Rev. Nutr. 27: 219–40. DOI:10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093546. PMID 17430084.

Metabolism (Catabolism, Anabolism)

General

Metabolic pathway · Metabolic network

Energy metabolism

Aerobic Respiration	Glycolysis → Pyruvate Decarboxylation → Citric Acid Cycle → Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain + ATP synthase)

Fermentation	Glycolysis → Substrate-level phosphorylation (ABE, Ethanol, Lactic acid)

Specific paths

Protein metabolism

Protein synthesis · Catabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism
(Carbohydrate catabolism
and anabolism)

Human	Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway · Fructolysis · Galactolysis Glycosylation (N-linked, O-linked)

Nonhuman	Photosynthesis (Carbon fixation) Xylose metabolism

Lipid metabolism
(Lipolysis, Lipogenesis)

Fatty acid metabolism	Fatty acid degradation (Beta oxidation) · Fatty acid synthesis

Other	Steroid metabolism · Sphingolipid metabolism · Eicosanoid metabolism · Ketosis