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cliff (n.)
1.a steep high face of rock"he stood on a high cliff overlooking the town" "a steep drop"
2.a steep rugged rock or cliff
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Merriam Webster
CliffCliff (klĭf), n. [AS. clif, cloef; akin to OS. klif, D. klif, klip, Icel. klif, Dan. & G. klippe, Sw. klippa; perh. orig. a climbing place. See Climb.] A high, steep rock; a precipice.
Cliff swallow (Zoöl.), a North American swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons), which builds its nest against cliffs; the eaves swallow.
CliffCliff, n. (Mus.) See Clef. [Obs.]
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cliff (n.)
pente raide d'un relief (fr)[Classe]
falaise (fr)[Thème]
haut (fr)[Caract.]
élément du relief montagneux (fr)[DomainDescrip.]
rivage de bord de mer (fr)[DomainDescrip.]
cliff (n.)
abaissement de terrain (fr)[Classe]
variation de niveau, d'altitude (fr)[Classe]
pente raide d'un relief (fr)[Classe]
(mountain)[termes liés]
(lock; sluice; sluiceway; penstock)[termes liés]
formation, geological formation[Hyper.]
cliff (n.)
pente raide d'un relief (fr)[Classe]
roc (gros bloc de pierre) (fr)[ClasseHyper.]
élément du relief montagneux (fr)[DomainDescrip.]
cliff, drop, drop-off, fall[Hyper.]
Wikipedia - voir aussi
Wikipedia
In geography and geology, a cliff is a significant vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure. Cliffs are formed as erosion landforms due to the processes of erosion and weathering that produce them. Cliffs are common on coasts, in mountainous areas, escarpments and along rivers. Cliffs are usually formed by rock that is resistant to erosion and weathering. Sedimentary rocks are most likely to form sandstone, limestone, chalk, and dolomite. Igneous rocks, such as granite and basalt also often form cliffs.
An escarpment (or scarp) is a type of cliff, formed by the movement of a geologic fault, or a landslide.
Most cliffs have some form of scree slope at their base. In arid areas or under high cliffs, these are generally exposed jumbles of fallen rock. In areas of higher moisture, a soil slope may obscure the talus. Many cliffs also feature tributary waterfalls or rock shelters. Sometimes a cliff peters out at the end of a ridge, with tea tables or other types of rock columns remaining. Coastal erosion may lead to the formation of sea cliffs along a receding coastline.
The Ordnance Survey distinguishes between cliffs (continuous line along the top edge with projections down the face) and outcrops (continuous lines along lower edge).
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Given that a cliff need not be exactly vertical, there can be ambiguity about whether a given slope is a cliff or not, and also about how much of a certain slope to count as a cliff. For example, given a truly vertical rock wall above a very steep slope, one could count only the rock wall, or the combination. This makes listings of cliffs an inherently uncertain endeavor.
Some of the largest cliffs on Earth are found underwater. For example, an 8,000-meter drop over a 4,250-meter span can be found at a ridge sitting inside the Kermadec Trench.
The highest cliff (rock wall, mountain face) in the world, is Nanga Parbat's Rupal Flank, which rises approximately 4,600 meters, or 15,000 feet, above its base. According to other sources, the highest cliff in the world, about 1,340 m high, is the east face of Great Trango in the Karakoram mountains of northern Pakistan. This uses a fairly stringent notion of cliff, as the 1,340 m figure refers to a nearly vertical headwall; adding in a very steep approach brings the total height to over 1,600 m.
The location of the world's highest sea cliffs depends also on the definition of 'cliff' that is used. The Guinness record books claim it is Kalaupapa, Hawaii,[2] at 1,010 m high. Another contender is the north face of Mitre Peak, which drops 1683 meters to Milford Sound, New Zealand.[3] These are subject to a less stringent definition, as the average slope of these cliffs at Kaulapapa is about 1.7, corresponding to an angle of 60 degrees, and Mitre Peak is similar. A more vertical drop into the sea can be found at Maujit Qaqarssuasia (also known as the 'Thumbnail') which is situated in the Torssukátak fjord area at the very tip of South Greenland and drops 1,560 m near-vertically.[4][5]
Considering a truly vertical drop, Mount Thor on Baffin Island in Arctic Canada is often considered the highest at 1370 m (4500 ft) high in total (the top 480 m (1600 ft) is overhanging), and is said to give it the longest purely vertical drop on Earth at 1,250 m (4,100 ft). However, cliffs on Baffin Island, such as Polar Sun Spire, or others in remote areas of Greenland may be higher.
The highest cliff in the solar system may be Verona Rupes, an approximately 20 km (12 mi) high fault scarp on Miranda, a moon of Uranus.
The following is an incomplete list of cliffs of the world.
Above Sea
Above Land
Above Sea
Above Land
Several big granite faces in the Arctic regions vie for the title of 'highest purely vertical drop on Earth', but reliable measurements are not always available. The possible contenders include (measurements are approximate):
Other notable cliffs include:
* ciles
Above Sea
Above Land
Above Sea
Cliff landforms provide unique habitat niches to a variety of plants and animals, whose preferences and needs are suited by the vertical geometry of this landform type. For example, a number of birds have decided affinities for choosing cliff locations for nesting,[11] often driven by the defensibility of these locations as well as absence of certain predators.
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