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Significations et usages de cliff

Définition

cliff (n.)

1.a steep high face of rock"he stood on a high cliff overlooking the town" "a steep drop"

2.a steep rugged rock or cliff

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Merriam Webster

CliffCliff (klĭf), n. [AS. clif, cloef; akin to OS. klif, D. klif, klip, Icel. klif, Dan. & G. klippe, Sw. klippa; perh. orig. a climbing place. See Climb.] A high, steep rock; a precipice.

Cliff swallow (Zoöl.), a North American swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons), which builds its nest against cliffs; the eaves swallow.

CliffCliff, n. (Mus.) See Clef. [Obs.]

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Définition (complément)

⇨ voir la définition de Wikipedia

Synonymes

Locutions

Alfred Cliff • Aust Cliff • Ayer's Cliff, Quebec • Babbacombe Cliff Railway • Ballard Cliff • Bergen Cliff Hawks • Bernard Shir-Cliff • Blue Cliff Record • Blue Cliff Records • Bond Cliff • Briar Cliff University • British NVC community MC4 (Brassica oleracea maritime cliff-ledge community) • Carbon Cliff, Illinois • Cedar Cliff High School • Christoff Cliff • Clarice Cliff • Cliff 'Fatty' Emmich • Cliff (disambiguation) • Cliff (surname) • Cliff Aberson • Cliff Arquette • Cliff Balsom • Cliff Barnes • Cliff Barrows • Cliff Barton • Cliff Bartosh • Cliff Battles • Cliff Bayer • Cliff Bergere • Cliff Biggers • Cliff Bleszinski • Cliff Blezsinski • Cliff Bole • Cliff Brady • Cliff Breitkreuz • Cliff Brewery • Cliff Britton • Cliff Bruner • Cliff Burton • Cliff Byrne • Cliff Chiang • Cliff Chipmunk • Cliff Chirping Frog • Cliff Clavin • Cliff Clevenger • Cliff College • Cliff Compton • Cliff Couser • Cliff Cudney • Cliff Dapper • Cliff De Young • Cliff DeYoung • Cliff Dickeson • Cliff Durant • Cliff Edwards • Cliff Eisen • Cliff Emmich • Cliff Eyland • Cliff Fletcher • Cliff Gallup • Cliff Gladwin • Cliff Gorman • Cliff Gustafson • Cliff Hagan • Cliff Hagan Stadium • Cliff Hanger (video game) • Cliff Hangers • Cliff Hanley • Cliff Harris • Cliff Heathcote • Cliff Holton • Cliff House, San Francisco • Cliff Hucul • Cliff Hugo • Cliff Huxford • Cliff Huxtable (Character) • Cliff Island National Park • Cliff Johnson • Cliff Johnson (baseball) • Cliff Johnson (game designer) • Cliff Jones • Cliff Jones (Welsh footballer) • Cliff Jones (computer scientist) • Cliff Josephy • Cliff Koroll • Cliff Lazarenko • Cliff Lee (disambiguation) • Cliff Lee (potter) • Cliff Levingston • Cliff Lewis • Cliff Lumsdon • Cliff McNish • Cliff McReynolds • Cliff McWatt • Cliff Montgomery • Cliff Morgan • Cliff Norton • Cliff Odom • Cliff Palace • Cliff Parisi • Cliff Pearce • Cliff Politte • Cliff Porter • Cliff Potts • Cliff Rathburn • Cliff Richard • Cliff Richard discography • Cliff Richards • Cliff Richey • Cliff Rigano • Cliff Robertson • Cliff Robinson (artist) • Cliff Ronning • Cliff Roth • Cliff Russell • Cliff Saunders • Cliff Schwarz • Cliff Sear • Cliff Shaw • Cliff Simon • Cliff Slaughter • Cliff Sloan • Cliff Stearns • Cliff Stein • Cliff Stoudt • Cliff Sutter • Cliff Swallow • Cliff Taubes • Cliff Taylor • Cliff Thorburn • Cliff Tucker • Cliff Twemlow • Cliff Village, Missouri • Cliff Walk • Cliff Watson • Cliff Woodbury • Cliff Yiskis • Cliff Young (athlete) • Cliff Young Australian 6-day race • Cliff baxter • Cliff blezsinski • Cliff dwellers • Cliff dwelling • Cliff effect • Cliff-dwelling • Cliff-hanger • Cliff-top dune • DSV Sea Cliff • DSV-4 Sea Cliff • Dave Cliff • Digital cliff • East Hill Cliff Railway • Ford Cliff, Pennsylvania • Gila Cliff Dwellings • Hemswell Cliff • Hen Cliff • Jimmy Cliff • John Cliff • La Quebrada Cliff Divers • Lake Cliff • Lake Cliff, Dallas, Texas • Leslie Cliff • Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway • Man on the Cliff • Manitou Cliff Dwellings • Marble Cliff Quarry Co. • Marble Cliff, Ohio • Maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system • Michelle Cliff • Norman Cliff • Oak Cliff • Ocean Cliff Elementary School • Raven Cliff Falls (Georgia) • Raven Cliff Falls (South Carolina) • Red Cliff • Red Cliff (film) • Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa • Red Cliff, Colorado • Red Cliff, Newfoundland and Labrador • Red Cliff, Wisconsin • Robotman (Cliff Steele) • Sea Cliff (DSV-4) • Sea Cliff Bridge • Sea Cliff, New York • Sea Cliff, San Francisco • Shining Cliff Woods, Derbyshire • Silver Cliff, Colorado • Silver Cliff, Wisconsin • South Oak Cliff High School • Sudbury and Copper Cliff Suburban Electric Railway • The House on the Cliff • Thousand-Buddha Cliff • Tony Cliff • Uphill Cliff • Wainlode Cliff • West Cliff Theatre • West Hill Cliff Railway • What Is… Cliff Clavin? • William Cliff

Dictionnaire analogique

Wikipedia - voir aussi

Wikipedia

Cliff

                   
  The Trango Towers in Pakistan. Their vertical faces are the world's tallest cliffs. Trango Tower center; Trango Monk center left; Trango II far left; Great Trango right.
  Europe's tallest cliff, Troll wall in Norway. A famous BASE location for jumpers from around the world.

In geography and geology, a cliff is a significant vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure. Cliffs are formed as erosion landforms due to the processes of erosion and weathering that produce them. Cliffs are common on coasts, in mountainous areas, escarpments and along rivers. Cliffs are usually formed by rock that is resistant to erosion and weathering. Sedimentary rocks are most likely to form sandstone, limestone, chalk, and dolomite. Igneous rocks, such as granite and basalt also often form cliffs.

An escarpment (or scarp) is a type of cliff, formed by the movement of a geologic fault, or a landslide.

Most cliffs have some form of scree slope at their base. In arid areas or under high cliffs, these are generally exposed jumbles of fallen rock. In areas of higher moisture, a soil slope may obscure the talus. Many cliffs also feature tributary waterfalls or rock shelters. Sometimes a cliff peters out at the end of a ridge, with tea tables or other types of rock columns remaining. Coastal erosion may lead to the formation of sea cliffs along a receding coastline.

The Ordnance Survey distinguishes between cliffs (continuous line along the top edge with projections down the face) and outcrops (continuous lines along lower edge).

  The far southwestern aspect of Nanga Parbat's Rupal face, highest cliff (rock wall/mountain face) in the world. The steepest part of the face lies 2km to the northeast.

Contents

  Large and famous cliffs

  Cliffs near Sortavala, Russia
  The Matengai in Oki Islands, Japan
  Cliffs along the north shore of Isfjord, Svalbard, Norway.
  Close-up view of Verona Rupes, a 20 km high fault scarp on Miranda, a moon of Uranus.[1]

Given that a cliff need not be exactly vertical, there can be ambiguity about whether a given slope is a cliff or not, and also about how much of a certain slope to count as a cliff. For example, given a truly vertical rock wall above a very steep slope, one could count only the rock wall, or the combination. This makes listings of cliffs an inherently uncertain endeavor.

Some of the largest cliffs on Earth are found underwater. For example, an 8,000-meter drop over a 4,250-meter span can be found at a ridge sitting inside the Kermadec Trench.

The highest cliff (rock wall, mountain face) in the world, is Nanga Parbat's Rupal Flank, which rises approximately 4,600 meters, or 15,000 feet, above its base. According to other sources, the highest cliff in the world, about 1,340 m high, is the east face of Great Trango in the Karakoram mountains of northern Pakistan. This uses a fairly stringent notion of cliff, as the 1,340 m figure refers to a nearly vertical headwall; adding in a very steep approach brings the total height to over 1,600 m.

The location of the world's highest sea cliffs depends also on the definition of 'cliff' that is used. The Guinness record books claim it is Kalaupapa, Hawaii,[2] at 1,010 m high. Another contender is the north face of Mitre Peak, which drops 1683 meters to Milford Sound, New Zealand.[3] These are subject to a less stringent definition, as the average slope of these cliffs at Kaulapapa is about 1.7, corresponding to an angle of 60 degrees, and Mitre Peak is similar. A more vertical drop into the sea can be found at Maujit Qaqarssuasia (also known as the 'Thumbnail') which is situated in the Torssukátak fjord area at the very tip of South Greenland and drops 1,560 m near-vertically.[4][5]

Considering a truly vertical drop, Mount Thor on Baffin Island in Arctic Canada is often considered the highest at 1370 m (4500 ft) high in total (the top 480 m (1600 ft) is overhanging), and is said to give it the longest purely vertical drop on Earth at 1,250 m (4,100 ft). However, cliffs on Baffin Island, such as Polar Sun Spire, or others in remote areas of Greenland may be higher.

The highest cliff in the solar system may be Verona Rupes, an approximately 20 km (12 mi) high fault scarp on Miranda, a moon of Uranus.

The following is an incomplete list of cliffs of the world.

  Asia

Above Sea

Above Land

  Europe

Above Sea

Above Land

  North America

  Mount Thor, Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada, commonly regarded as the highest purely vertical drop on Earth
  Southwest face of El Capitan from Yosemite Valley
  The face of Notch Peak at sunset

Several big granite faces in the Arctic regions vie for the title of 'highest purely vertical drop on Earth', but reliable measurements are not always available. The possible contenders include (measurements are approximate):

Other notable cliffs include:

  South America

* ciles

  Africa

Above Sea

Above Land

  • Drakensberg Amphitheatre, South Africa 1,200 m (3,900 ft) above base, 5 km (3.1 mi) long. The Tugela Falls, the world's second tallest waterfall, falls 948 m (3,110 ft) over the edge of the cliff face.
  • Mount Meru, Tanzania Caldera Cliffs, 1,500 m (4,900 ft)
  • Klein Winterhoek, Western Cape, South Africa, 1,220 m (4,000 ft) above base.
  • Wall of Fire, Swartberg, Western Cape, South Africa 700 m (2,300 ft) cliff composed of vertically displaced quartzite
  • Tsaranoro, Madagascar, 700 m (2,300 ft) above base
  • Karambony, Madagascar, 380 m (1,250 ft) above base.
  • Innumerable peaks in the Drakensberg mountains of South Africa are spectacular cliff formations. The Drakensberg Range is regarded, together with Ethiopia's Simien Mountains, as one of the two finest erosional mountain ranges on Earth. Because of their near-unique geological formation, the range has an extraordinarily high percentage of cliff faces making up its length, particularly along the highest portion of the range. This portion of the range is virtually uninterrupted cliff faces, ranging from 600 m (2,000 ft) to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in height for almost 250 km (160 mi). Of all, the "Drakensberg Amphitheatre" (mentioned above) is probably the most impressive individual formation. Other notable cliffs include the Trojan Wall, Cleft Peak, Injisuthi Triplets, Cathedral Peak, Monk's Cowl, Mnweni Buttress, etc. The cliff faces of the Blyde River Canyon, technically still part of the Drakensberg, may be over 800 m (2,600 ft), with the main face of the Swadini Buttress approximately 1,000 m (3,300 ft) tall.

  Oceania

  Cliffsides near Beachlands, New Zealand in the Hauraki Gulf.

Above Sea

  As habitat determinants

Cliff landforms provide unique habitat niches to a variety of plants and animals, whose preferences and needs are suited by the vertical geometry of this landform type. For example, a number of birds have decided affinities for choosing cliff locations for nesting,[11] often driven by the defensibility of these locations as well as absence of certain predators.

  See also

  References

  1. ^ "Natural world: the solar system: highest cliffs". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 2006-05-21. http://web.archive.org/web/20060521223224/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54819. Retrieved 2006-08-05. 
  2. ^ "Highest Cliffs". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 2005-11-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20051127032740/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=47602. Retrieved 2006-05-02. 
  3. ^ The Encyclopedia of Tourism and Recreation in Marine Environments By Michael Lück. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Yuc2Aro6ukkC&pg=PA177&lpg=PA176. Retrieved 2009-08-01. 
  4. ^ "Planet Fear". http://www.planetfear.co.uk/articles/Greenland_New_Route_on_Thumbnail_926.html. Retrieved 2009-08-04. 
  5. ^ "TS2 satellites (Expedition Sponsor)". http://www.ts2.pl/en/News/1/56. Retrieved 2009-08-04. 
  6. ^ http://www.southwestcoastpath.com/main/sections/index.cfm?fsa=dspSectionDetail&w_id=147
  7. ^ "Polar Sun Spire". SummitPost.Org. http://www.summitpost.org/mountain/rock/152417/polar-sun-spire.html. Retrieved 2008-07-31. 
  8. ^ "Climbing in Tasermiut". bigwall.dk. http://www.bigwall.dk/galleri/klatring/tasermiu/pages-uk/uk05keti.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-02. 
  9. ^ "The American Alpine Journal". 1986. http://www.americanalpineclub.org/AAJO/pdfs/1986/175_canada_greenland_aaj1986.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-02. [dead link]
  10. ^ "Geology Fieldnotes". National Park Service. http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/parks/zion/index.cfm. Retrieved 2010-11-28. 
  11. ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Abiotic factor. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds Emily Monosson and C. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
   
               

 

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