Publicité R▼
gait (n.)
1.a person's manner of walking
2.a horse's manner of moving
3.the rate of moving (especially walking or running)
4.manner of walking"he had a funny walk"
Gait (n.)
1.(MeSH)Manner or style of walking.
Publicité ▼
Merriam Webster
GaitGait (?), n. [See Gate a way.]
1. A going; a walk; a march; a way.
Good gentleman, go your gait, and let poor folks pass. Shak.
2. Manner of walking or stepping; bearing or carriage while moving.
'T is Cinna; I do know him by his gait. Shak.
Publicité ▼
⇨ voir la définition de Wikipedia
Voir aussi
⇨ Abnormalities of gait and mobility • Apraxia of Gait • Ataxia of Gait • Ataxic gait • Bruns' Apraxia of Gait • Bruns' Gait Apraxia • Cerebellar Gait • Cerebellar Gait Ataxia • Charcot Gait • Charcot's Gait • Duck Gait • Dyspraxia of Gait • Frontal Gait Apraxia • Gait Apraxia • Gait Ataxia • Gait Ataxia, Sensory • Gait Disorder, Sensorimotor • Gait Disorders, Animal • Gait Disorders, Neurologic • Gait Dysfunction, Neurologic • Gait, Athetotic • Gait, Broadened • Gait, Drop Foot • Gait, Festinating • Gait, Frontal • Gait, Hemiplegic • Gait, Hysterical • Gait, Reeling • Gait, Rigid • Gait, Scissors • Gait, Shuffling • Gait, Spastic • Gait, Stumbling • Gait, Unsteady • Gait, Widebased • Paralytic gait • Rapid Fatigue of Gait • Sensorimotor Gait Disorder • Spastic gait • Staggering gait • abnormalities of gait and mobility • abnormality of gait and mobility • ataxic gait • spastic-ataxic gait • steppage gait
⇨ Andrew Gait • Antalgic gait • Cadence (gait) • Diagonal gait • Dog gait • Festinating gait • Fox trot (gait) • Foxtrot (gait) • GAIT (wireless) • GAIT element • Gait (disambiguation) • Gait (dog) • Gait (human) • Gait Abnormality Rating Scale • Gait abnormality • Gait analysis • Gait belt • Gait training • Gary Gait • Gluteal gait • High stepped gait • High stepping gait • High-stepped gait • High-stepping gait • Highstepped gait • Highstepping gait • Horse gait • Human gait • List of career achievements by Gary Gait • Magnetic gait • Myopathic gait • Neuropathic gait • Paul Gait • Pigeon gait • Propulsive gait • Reciprocating Gait Orthosis • Scissor gait • Skip (gait) • Spastic gait • Steppage gait • Stomping gait • Tandem gait • Trendelenburg gait • Trot (horse gait)
Gait (n.) [MeSH]
gait (n.)
walk, walking - course, course of action[Hyper.]
gait (n.)
rate[Hyper.]
pace, step - pace - pace[Dérivé]
gait (n.)
manière de marcher (fr)[ClasseHyper.]
attitude, bearing, carriage, deportment, manner, position, posture[Hyper.]
march, process, step, stride, walk[Nominalisation]
take the air, walk - walk - walk - walk[Dérivé]
Wikipedia
This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve this article to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. The talk page may contain suggestions. (August 2009) |
Gait is the pattern of movement of the limbs of animals, including humans, during locomotion over a solid substrate. Most animals use a variety of gaits, selecting gait based on speed, terrain, the need to maneuver, and energetic efficiency. Different animal species may use different gaits due to differences in anatomy that prevent use of certain gaits, or simply due to evolved innate preferences as a result of habitat differences. While various gaits are given specific names, the complexity of biological systems and interacting with the environment make these distinctions 'fuzzy' at best. Gaits are typically classified according to footfall patterns, but recent studies often prefer definitions based on mechanics. The term typically does not refer to limb-based propulsion through fluid mediums such as water or air, but rather to propulsion across a solid substrate by generating reactive forces against it (which can apply to walking while underwater as well as on land).
Due to the rapidity of animal movement, simple direct observation is rarely sufficient to give any insight into the pattern of limb movement. In spite of early attempts to classify gaits based on footprints or the sound of footfalls, it wasn't until Eadweard Muybridge and Étienne-Jules Marey began taking rapid series of photographs that proper scientific examination of gaits could begin.
Look up gait in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Contents |
Milton Hildebrand pioneered the scientific analysis and the classification of gaits. The movement of each limb was partitioned into a stance phase, where the foot was in contact with the ground, and a swing phase, where the foot was lifted and moved forwards. Each limb must complete a cycle in the same length of time, otherwise one limb's relationship to the others can change with time, and a steady pattern cannot occur. Thus, any gait can completely be described in terms of the beginning and end of stance phase of three limbs relative to a cycle of a reference limb, usually the left hindlimb.
Gaits are generally classed as "symmetrical" and "asymmetrical" based on limb movement. It is important to note that these terms have nothing to do with left-right symmetry. In a symmetrical gait, the left and right limbs of a pair alternate, while in an asymmetrical gait, the limbs move together. Asymmetrical gaits are sometimes termed "leaping gaits", due to the presence of a suspended phase.
The key variables for gait are the duty factor and the forelimb-hindlimb phase relationship. Duty factor is simply the percent of the total cycle which a given foot is on the ground. This value will usually be the same for forelimbs and hindlimbs unless the animal is moving with a specially-trained gait or is accelerating or decelerating. Duty factors over 50% are considered a "walk", while those less than 50% are considered a run. Forelimb-hindlimb phase is the temporal relationship between the limb pairs. If the same-side forelimbs and hindlimbs initiate stance phase at the same time, the phase is 0 (or 100%). If the same-side forelimb contacts the ground half of the cycle later than the hindlimb, the phase is 50%.
Any given animal uses a relatively restricted set of gaits, and different species use different gaits. Almost all animals are capable of symmetrical gaits, while asymmetrical gaits are largely confined to mammals, who are capable of enough spinal flexion to increase stride length (though small crocodilians are capable of using a bounding gait). Lateral sequence gaits during walking and running are most common in mammals, but arboreal mammals such as monkeys, some possums, and kinkajous use diagonal sequence walks for enhanced stability. Diagonal sequence walks and runs (aka trots) are most frequently used by sprawling tetrapods such as salamanders and lizards, due to the lateral oscillations of their bodies during movement. Bipeds are a unique case, and most bipeds will display only three gaits - walking, running, and hopping - during natural locomotion. Other gaits, such as human skipping, are not used without deliberate effort.
Gait choice can have effects beyond immediate changes in limb movement and speed, notably in terms of ventilation. Because they lack a diaphragm, lizards and salamanders must expand and contract their body wall in order to force air in and out of their lungs, but these are the same muscles used to laterally undulate the body during locomotion. Thus, they cannot move and breathe at the same time, a situation called Carrier's constraint, though some, such as monitor lizards, can circumvent this restriction via buccal pumping. In contrast, the spinal flexion of a galloping mammal causes the abdominal viscera to act as a piston, inflating and deflating the lungs as the animal's spine flexes and extends, increasing ventilation and allowing greater oxygen exchange.
While gaits can be classified by footfall, new work involving whole-body kinematics and force-plate records has given rise to an alternative classification scheme, based on the mechanics of the movement. In this scheme, movements are divided into walking and running. Walking gaits are all characterized by a 'vaulting' movement of the body over the legs, frequently described as in inverted pendulum (displaying fluctuations in kinetic and potential energy which are perfectly out of phase). In running, the kinetic and potential energy fluctuate in-phase, and the energy change is passed on to muscles, bones, tendons and ligaments acting as springs (thus it is described by the spring-mass model).
Speed generally governs gait selection, with quadrupedal mammals moving from a walk to a run to a gallop as speed increases. Each of these gaits has an optimum speed, at which the minimum calories per meter are consumed, and costs increase at slower or faster speeds. Gait transitions occur near the speed where the cost of a fast walk becomes higher than the cost of a slow run. Unrestrained animals will typically move at the optimum speed for their gait to minimize energy cost.
In spite of the differences in leg number shown in terrestrial vertebrates, according to the inverted pendulum model of walking and spring-mass model of running, "walks" and "runs" are seen in animals with 2, 4, 6, or more legs. The term 'gait' has even been applied to flying and swimming organisms who produce distinct patterns of wake vortices.
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2009) |
|
Contenu de sensagent
dictionnaire et traducteur pour sites web
Alexandria
Une fenêtre (pop-into) d'information (contenu principal de Sensagent) est invoquée un double-clic sur n'importe quel mot de votre page web. LA fenêtre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles, c'est-à-dire sans obliger votre visiteur à quitter votre page web !
Essayer ici, télécharger le code;
SensagentBox
Avec la boîte de recherches Sensagent, les visiteurs de votre site peuvent également accéder à une information de référence pertinente parmi plus de 5 millions de pages web indexées sur Sensagent.com. Vous pouvez Choisir la taille qui convient le mieux à votre site et adapter la charte graphique.
Solution commerce électronique
Augmenter le contenu de votre site
Ajouter de nouveaux contenus Add à votre site depuis Sensagent par XML.
Parcourir les produits et les annonces
Obtenir des informations en XML pour filtrer le meilleur contenu.
Indexer des images et définir des méta-données
Fixer la signification de chaque méta-donnée (multilingue).
Renseignements suite à un email de description de votre projet.
Jeux de lettres
Les jeux de lettre français sont :
○ Anagrammes
○ jokers, mots-croisés
○ Lettris
○ Boggle.
Lettris
Lettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de Tetris. Chaque lettre qui apparaît descend ; il faut placer les lettres de telle manière que des mots se forment (gauche, droit, haut et bas) et que de la place soit libérée.
boggle
Il s'agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres. Il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases. Les lettres doivent être adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs. Participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs ! Jouer
Dictionnaire de la langue française
Principales Références
La plupart des définitions du français sont proposées par SenseGates et comportent un approfondissement avec Littré et plusieurs auteurs techniques spécialisés.
Le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout dérivé du dictionnaire intégral (TID).
L'encyclopédie française bénéficie de la licence Wikipedia (GNU).
Copyright
Les jeux de lettres anagramme, mot-croisé, joker, Lettris et Boggle sont proposés par Memodata.
Le service web Alexandria est motorisé par Memodata pour faciliter les recherches sur Ebay.
La SensagentBox est offerte par sensAgent.
Traduction
Changer la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions.
Astuce: parcourir les champs sémantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent.
calculé en 0,047s