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Significations et usages de ground
ground
- past participle of grind (verb)
- past indicative (I,you,he,she,it,we,they) of grind (verb)
Définition
grind (v. intr.)
1.make a high-pitched, screeching noise"The door creaked when I opened it slowly" "My car engine makes a whining noise"
grind (v. trans.)
1.break into small pieces"The car crushed the toy"
2.reduce to small pieces or particles by pounding or abrading"grind the spices in a mortar" "mash the garlic"
grind (n.)
1.a settled and monotonous routine that is hard to escape"they fell into a conversational rut"
2.the act of grinding to a powder or dust
3.hard monotonous routine work
4.an insignificant student who is ridiculed as being affected or boringly studious
5.the grade of particle fineness to which a substance is ground"a coarse grind of coffee"
6.(informal;U.S.A.)one who works strenuously
grind (v.)
1.make a grating or grinding sound by rubbing together"grate one's teeth in anger"
2.press or grind with a crushing noise
3.dance by rotating the pelvis in an erotically suggestive way, often while in contact with one's partner such that the dancers' legs are interlaced
4.work hard"She was digging away at her math homework" "Lexicographers drudge all day long"
5.shape or form by grinding"grind lenses for glasses and cameras"
6.created by grinding"grind designs into the glass bowl"
7.grind together, of teeth
ground (n.)
1.a piece of ground having specific characteristics or military potential"they decided to attack across the rocky terrain"
2.the inside lower horizontal surface (as of a room, hallway, tent, or other structure)"they needed rugs to cover the bare floors" "we spread our sleeping bags on the dry floor of the tent"
3.the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface"they dug into the earth outside the church"
4.material in the top layer of the surface of the earth in which plants can grow (especially with reference to its quality or use)"the land had never been plowed" "good agricultural soil"
5.the first or preliminary coat of paint or size applied to a surface
6.(art) the surface (as a wall or canvas) prepared to take the paint for a painting
7.a relatively homogeneous percept extending back of the figure on which attention is focused
8.the part of a scene (or picture) that lies behind objects in the foreground"he posed her against a background of rolling hills"
9.a position to be won or defended in battle (or as if in battle)"they gained ground step by step" "they fought to regain the lost ground"
10.a rational motive for a belief or action"the reason that war was declared" "the grounds for their declaration"
11.the solid part of the earth's surface"the plane turned away from the sea and moved back over land" "the earth shook for several minutes" "he dropped the logs on the ground"
12.a relation that provides the foundation for something"they were on a friendly footing" "he worked on an interim basis"
13.fastening electrical equipment to earth
14.(ellipsis)a connection between an electrical device and a large conducting body, such as the earth (which is taken to be at zero voltage)
ground (v. trans.)
1.use as a basis for; found on"base a claim on some observation"
2.instruct someone in the fundamentals of a subject
3.fix firmly and stably"anchor the lamppost in concrete"
4.cover with a primer; apply a primer to
5.hit onto the ground
6.hit a groundball"he grounded to the second baseman"
7.throw to the ground in order to stop play and avoid being tackled behind the line of scrimmage
8.place or put on the ground
9.confine or restrict to the ground"After the accident, they grounded the plane and the pilot"
10.hit or reach the ground
11.bring to the ground"the storm grounded the ship"
12.(physics)connect to a ground"ground the electrical connections for safety reasons"
ground (v.)
1.bring to the ground"the storm grounded the ship"
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Merriam Webster
GrindGrind (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ground (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Grinding.] [AS. grindan; perh. akin to L. frendere to gnash, grind. Cf. Grist.]
1. To reduce to powder by friction, as in a mill, or with the teeth; to crush into small fragments; to produce as by the action of millstones.
Take the millstones, and grind meal. Is. xivii. 2.
2. To wear down, polish, or sharpen, by friction; to make smooth, sharp, or pointed; to whet, as a knife or drill; to rub against one another, as teeth, etc.
3. To oppress by severe exactions; to harass.
To grind the subject or defraud the prince. Dryden.
4. To study hard for examination; -- commonly used with away; as, to grind away at one's studies. [College Slang]
GrindGrind (?), v. i.
1. To perform the operation of grinding something; to turn the millstones.
Send thee
Into the common prison, there to grind. Milton.
2. To become ground or pulverized by friction; as, this corn grinds well.
3. To become polished or sharpened by friction; as, glass grinds smooth; steel grinds to a sharp edge.
4. To move with much difficulty or friction; to grate.
5. To perform hard and distasteful service; to drudge; to study hard, as for an examination. Farrar.
GrindGrind, n.
1. The act of reducing to powder, or of sharpening, by friction.
2. Any severe continuous work or occupation; esp., hard and uninteresting study. [Colloq.] T. Hughes.
3. A student that studies hard; a dig; a wonk. [College Slang]
groundground (ground), n. [OE. ground, grund, AS. grund; akin to D. grond, OS., G., Sw., & Dan. grund, Icel. grunnr bottom, Goth. grundus (in composition); perh. orig. meaning, dust, gravel, and if so perh. akin to E. grind.]
1. The surface of the earth; the outer crust of the globe, or some indefinite portion of it.
There was not a man to till the ground. Gen. ii. 5.
The fire ran along upon the ground. Ex. ix. 23.
Hence: A floor or pavement supposed to rest upon the earth.
2. Any definite portion of the earth's surface; region; territory; country. Hence: A territory appropriated to, or resorted to, for a particular purpose; the field or place of action; as, a hunting or fishing ground; a play ground.
From . . . old Euphrates, to the brook that parts Egypt from Syrian ground. Milton.
3. Land; estate; possession; field; esp. (pl.), the gardens, lawns, fields, etc., belonging to a homestead; as, the grounds of the estate are well kept.
Thy next design is on thy neighbor's grounds. Dryden. 4.
4. The basis on which anything rests; foundation. Hence: The foundation of knowledge, belief, or conviction; a premise, reason, or datum; ultimate or first principle; cause of existence or occurrence; originating force or agency; as, the ground of my hope.
5. (Paint. & Decorative Art) (a) That surface upon which the figures of a composition are set, and which relieves them by its plainness, being either of one tint or of tints but slightly contrasted with one another; as, crimson Bowers on a white ground. See Background, Foreground, and Middle-ground. (b) In sculpture, a flat surface upon which figures are raised in relief. (c) In point lace, the net of small meshes upon which the embroidered pattern is applied; as, Brussels ground. See Brussels lace, under Brussels.
6. (Etching) A gummy composition spread over the surface of a metal to be etched, to prevent the acid from eating except where an opening is made by the needle.
7. (Arch.) One of the pieces of wood, flush with the plastering, to which moldings, etc., are attached; -- usually in the plural.
☞ Grounds are usually put up first and the plastering floated flush with them.
8. (Mus.) (a) A composition in which the bass, consisting of a few bars of independent notes, is continually repeated to a varying melody. (b) The tune on which descants are raised; the plain song. Moore (Encyc.).
On that ground I'll build a holy descant. Shak.
9. (Elec.) A conducting connection with the earth, whereby the earth is made part of an electrical circuit.
10. pl. Sediment at the bottom of liquors or liquids; dregs; lees; feces; as, coffee grounds.
11. The pit of a theater. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
Ground angling, angling with a weighted line without a float. -- Ground annual (Scots Law), an estate created in land by a vassal who instead of selling his land outright reserves an annual ground rent, which becomes a perpetual charge upon the land. -- Ground ash. (Bot.) See Groutweed. -- Ground bailiff (Mining), a superintendent of mines. Simmonds. -- Ground bait, bits of bread, boiled barley or worms, etc., thrown into the water to collect the fish, Wallon. -- Ground bass or Ground base (Mus.), fundamental base; a fundamental base continually repeated to a varied melody. -- Ground beetle (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of carnivorous beetles of the family Carabidæ, living mostly in burrows or under stones, etc. -- Ground chamber, a room on the ground floor. -- Ground cherry. (Bot.) (a) A genus (Physalis) of herbaceous plants having an inflated calyx for a seed pod: esp., the strawberry tomato (Physalis Alkekengi). See Alkekengl. (b) A European shrub (Prunus Chamæcerasus), with small, very acid fruit. -- Ground cuckoo. (Zoöl.) See Chaparral cock. -- Ground cypress. (Bot.) See Lavender cotton. -- Ground dove (Zoöl.), one of several small American pigeons of the genus Columbigallina, esp. C. passerina of the Southern United States, Mexico, etc. They live chiefly on the ground. -- Ground fish (Zoöl.), any fish which constantly lives on the botton of the sea, as the sole, turbot, halibut. -- Ground floor, the floor of a house most nearly on a level with the ground; -- called also in America, but not in England, the first floor. -- Ground form (Gram.), the stem or basis of a word, to which the other parts are added in declension or conjugation. It is sometimes, but not always, the same as the root. -- Ground furze (Bot.), a low slightly thorny, leguminous shrub (Ononis arvensis) of Europe and Central Asia,; -- called also rest-harrow. -- Ground game, hares, rabbits, etc., as distinguished from winged game. -- Ground hele (Bot.), a perennial herb (Veronica officinalis) with small blue flowers, common in Europe and America, formerly thought to have curative properties. -- Ground of the heavens (Astron.), the surface of any part of the celestial sphere upon which the stars may be regarded as projected. -- Ground hemlock (Bot.), the yew (Taxus baccata var. Canadensisi) of eastern North America, distinguished from that of Europe by its low, straggling stems. -- Ground hog. (Zoöl.) (a) The woodchuck or American marmot (Arctomys monax). See Woodchuck. (b) The aardvark. -- Ground hold (Naut.), ground tackle. [Obs.] Spenser. -- Ground ice, ice formed at the bottom of a body of water before it forms on the surface. -- Ground ivy. (Bot.) A trailing plant; alehoof. See Gill. -- Ground joist, a joist for a basement or ground floor; a. sleeper. -- Ground lark (Zoöl.), the European pipit. See Pipit. -- Ground laurel (Bot.). See Trailing arbutus, under Arbutus. -- Ground line (Descriptive Geom.), the line of intersection of the horizontal and vertical planes of projection. -- Ground liverwort (Bot.), a flowerless plant with a broad flat forking thallus and the fruit raised on peduncled and radiated receptacles (Marchantia polymorpha). -- Ground mail, in Scotland, the fee paid for interment in a churchyard. -- Ground mass (Geol.), the fine-grained or glassy base of a rock, in which distinct crystals of its constituents are embedded. -- Ground parrakeet (Zoöl.), one of several Australian parrakeets, of the genera Callipsittacus and Geopsittacus, which live mainly upon the ground. -- Ground pearl (Zoöl.), an insect of the family Coccidæ (Margarodes formicarum), found in ants' nests in the Bahamas, and having a shelly covering. They are strung like beads, and made into necklaces by the natives. -- Ground pig (Zoöl.), a large, burrowing, African rodent (Aulacodus Swinderianus) about two feet long, allied to the porcupines but with harsh, bristly hair, and no spines; -- called also ground rat. -- Ground pigeon (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of pigeons which live largely upon the ground, as the tooth-billed pigeon (Didunculus strigirostris), of the Samoan Islands, and the crowned pigeon, or goura. See Goura, and Ground dove (above). -- Ground pine. (Bot.) (a) A blue-flowered herb of the genus Ajuga (A. Chamæpitys), formerly included in the genus Teucrium or germander, and named from its resinous smell. Sir J. Hill. (b) A long, creeping, evergreen plant of the genus Lycopodium (L. clavatum); -- called also club moss. (c) A tree-shaped evergreen plant about eight inches in height, of the same genus (L. dendroideum) found in moist, dark woods in the northern part of the United States. Gray. -- Ground plan (Arch.), a plan of the ground floor of any building, or of any floor, as distinguished from an elevation or perpendicular section. -- Ground plane, the horizontal plane of projection in perspective drawing. -- Ground plate. (a) (Arch.) One of the chief pieces of framing of a building; a timber laid horizontally on or near the ground to support the uprights; a ground sill or groundsel. (b) (Railroads) A bed plate for sleepers or ties; a mudsill. (c) (Teleg.) A metallic plate buried in the earth to conduct the electric current thereto. Connection to the pipes of a gas or water main is usual in cities. Knight. -- Ground plot, the ground upon which any structure is erected; hence, any basis or foundation; also, a ground plan. -- Ground plum (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Astragalus caryocarpus) occurring from the Saskatchewan to Texas, and having a succulent plum-shaped pod. -- Ground rat. (Zoöl.) See Ground pig (above). -- Ground rent, rent paid for the privilege of building on another man's land. -- Ground robin. (Zoöl.) See Chewink. -- Ground room, a room on the ground floor; a lower room. Tatler. -- Ground sea, the West Indian name for a swell of the ocean, which occurs in calm weather and without obvious cause, breaking on the shore in heavy roaring billows; -- called also rollers, and in Jamaica, the North sea. -- Ground sill. See Ground plate (a) (above). -- Ground snake (Zoöl.), a small burrowing American snake (Celuta amœna). It is salmon colored, and has a blunt tail. -- Ground squirrel. (Zoöl.) (a) One of numerous species of burrowing rodents of the genera Tamias and Spermophilus, having cheek pouches. The former genus includes the Eastern striped squirrel or chipmunk and some allied Western species; the latter includes the prairie squirrel or striped gopher, the gray gopher, and many allied Western species. See Chipmunk, and Gopher. (b) Any species of the African genus Xerus, allied to Tamias. -- Ground story. Same as Ground floor (above). -- Ground substance (Anat.), the intercellular substance, or matrix, of tissues. -- Ground swell. (a) (Bot.) The plant groundsel. [Obs.] Holland. (b) A broad, deep swell or undulation of the ocean, caused by a long continued gale, and felt even at a remote distance after the gale has ceased. -- Ground table. (Arch.) See Earth table, under Earth. -- Ground tackle (Naut.), the tackle necessary to secure a vessel at anchor. Totten. -- Ground thrush (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of bright-colored Oriental birds of the family Pittidæ. See Pitta. -- Ground tier. (a) The lowest tier of water casks in a vessel's hold. Totten. (b) The lowest line of articles of any kind stowed in a vessel's hold. (c) The lowest range of boxes in a theater. -- Ground timbers (Shipbuilding) the timbers which lie on the keel and are bolted to the keelson; floor timbers. Knight. -- Ground tit. (Zoöl.) See Ground wren (below). -- Ground wheel, that wheel of a harvester, mowing machine, etc., which, rolling on the ground, drives the mechanism. -- Ground wren (Zoöl.), a small California bird (Chamæa fasciata) allied to the wrens and titmice. It inhabits the arid plains. Called also ground tit, and wren tit. -- To bite the ground, To break ground. See under Bite, Break. -- To come to the ground, To fall to the ground, to come to nothing; to fail; to miscarry. -- To gain ground. (a) To advance; to proceed forward in conflict; as, an army in battle gains ground. (b) To obtain an advantage; to have some success; as, the army gains ground on the enemy. (c) To gain credit; to become more prosperous or influential. -- To get ground, or To gather ground, to gain ground. [R.] “Evening mist . . . gathers ground fast.” Milton.
groundground, v. i. To run aground; to strike the bottom and remain fixed; as, the ship grounded on the bar.
groundground, imp. & p. p. of Grind.
ground cock, a cock, the plug of which is ground into its seat, as distinguished from a compression cock. Knight. -- Ground glass, glass the transparency of which has been destroyed by having its surface roughened by grinding. -- Ground joint, a close joint made by grinding together two pieces, as of metal with emery and oil, or of glass with fine sand and water.
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Définition (complément)
⇨ voir la définition de Wikipedia
Synonymes
grind (n.)
donkeywork, donkey-work, drudgery, dweeb, fag, grinding, groove, humdrum, labour, mill, nerd, plodding, pulverisation, pulverization, routine, rut, slog, swot, toil, wonk
grind (n.) (informal;U.S.A.)
hard worker, swot, toiler, slogger (informal)
grind (v.)
abrade, beaver away, beep, bray, comminute, cram, cranch, craunch, creak, crunch, crush, dig, drudge, fag, file, gnash, grate, hone, labor, labour, moil, pound, powder, pulverise, pulverize, scrape, screech, sharpen, squeak, strop, swot up, toil, travail, triturate, whet, mug up (colloquial, British), plug away (colloquial), slog (spéc. anglais britannique), swot (colloquial, British)
ground (n.)
background, basis, bedrock, dirt, dry land, earth, earth connection, earthing, earthwire, field, flat coat, floor, flooring, footing, foundation, ground connection, grounding, grounds, groundwire, groundwork, land, loam, mainspring, mould, occasion, primer, primer coat, priming, priming coat, reason, soil, solid ground, terra firma, terrain, turf, undercoat, underpinning, backcloth (British), backdrop (American)
ground (n.) (ellipsis)
earth, earth connection, earthing, earthwire, ground connection (spéc. anglais américain), grounding (spéc. anglais américain), groundwire (spéc. anglais américain)
ground (v.)
ground (v. trans.)
anchor, base, base o.s. on, build, establish, found, get stranded, go on, prime, run aground, strand, undercoat, underpin, base on (figurative), found on (figurative), found upon (figurative)
ground (v. trans.) (physics)
earth (physics)
Voir aussi
grind (n.)
↘ do as usual ↗ beaver away, dig, drudge, fag, labor, labour, moil, mug up, plug away, powder, powderise, powderize, pulverise, pulverize, slog, swot, toil, travail
grind (v. intr.)
↘ grating, gravelly, grinding, rasping, raspy, rough, scrape, scraping, scratch, scratching, scratchy, squeaker
grind (v. trans.)
↘ crushing, grinder, grinding, quelling, sharpener, sharpening, stifling, suppression
grind (v.)
↘ gnashing one's teeth, grinding one's teeth, hard worker, slogger, swot, toiler
ground (v. trans.)
↘ basable, baseless, establishable, foundable, groundless, idle, running aground, running ashore, unbasable, unfoundable, unfounded, unwarranted, wild ↗ base, foot, foundation, fundament, groundwork, substructure, understructure
ground (n.)
↘ earthen, earthy, geoglyph, mud encrusted, mud-encrusted, semiterrestrial, tellurian, telluric, terrene, terrestrial ≠ figure
Locutions
⇨ grind away • grind down • grind one's teeth • grind organ • grind out • grind to a halt • grind up
⇨ Ground Cherry • Ground squirrel hepatitis B virus • air-to-ground • burn to the ground • common ground • get off the ground • get…off the ground • ground almond • ground attack • ground bait • ground ball • ground bass • ground beef • ground beetle • ground cable • ground cedar • ground cherry • ground cloth • ground connection • ground control • ground control point • ground cover • ground crew • ground cushion • ground data • ground effect • ground effect machine • ground effect vehicle • ground element • ground fir • ground fire • ground fish • ground floor • ground following • ground forces • ground frost • ground glass • ground handling • ground handling agent • ground itch • ground ivy • ground level • ground loop • ground looping • ground nailing • ground noise • ground on • ground out • ground pangolin • ground parrot • ground patch area • ground pine • ground pink • ground plan • ground pollution • ground range • ground rattler • ground rent • ground resolution • ground rice • ground roller • ground rose • ground rule • ground segment • ground sloth • ground snake • ground speed • ground squirrel • ground staff • ground state • ground stroke • ground substance • ground support • ground swell • ground tackle • ground truth • ground volume • ground water • ground wave • ground wire • ground zero • ground-bait • ground-berry • ground-controlled approach • ground-effect machine • ground-emplaced mine • ground-floor • ground-floor flat • ground-hugging • ground-service crew • ground-shaker • ground-water • high ground • home ground • on the ground floor • piece of ground • purple ground cherry • stand one's ground
⇨ Apley grind test • Bump 'n' Grind • Bump and grind • Bump n' Grind • Cheia de sub Grind River • Daily Grind • Don't Let the Bastards Grind You Down • Gods of Grind • Gore Grind Thrash Attack Live • Grantchester Grind • Grind (2003 film) • Grind (Phish) • Grind (disambiguation) • Grind (musical) • Grind (song) • Grind (soundtrack) • Grind (sport) • Grind Bastard • Grind Finale • Grind Hard Entertainment • Grind Line • Grind Madness at the BBC • Grind Planets • Grind River • Grind Session • Grind Stormer • Grind Walk • Grind og spik • Grind rail • Grind with Me • Gypsy Grind • Hollow grind • Horror Grind • I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind • I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind II • It's a Grind Coffee House • Jet Grind Radio (Game Boy Advance) • Las Vegas Grind • Mavis Grind • Nike Grind • On the Grind (album) • Primary grind • Royale grind • Slave to the Grind • Slave to the Grind (song) • Soul grind • The Daily Grind • The Daily Grind (coffeeshop) • The Eternal Grind • The Grind • The Grind (1915 film) • The Grind (2009 U.S. film) • The Grind (2009 film) • The Grind (TV series) • The Grind Date • The Grind Flu • The Jody Grind • Toxic Grind • Unity Grind
Dictionnaire analogique
grind (n.)
routine[ClasseHyper.]
traditionalism; traditionality; conservatism; conservativism[Classe]
modus operandi, routine[Hyper.]
grind (n.)
[informal , U.S.A.]
grind (n.)
action de réduire en particules (fr)[ClasseHyper.]
grind (n.)
work; labor; labour; job; task; chore[Classe]
work[Classe]
produit effectif d'un travail (fr)[Classe]
variété, sorte de travail (fr)[Classe]
(weariness; boredom; ennui; tedium)[Caract.]
(much)[Caract.]
grind (n.)
dabbler; amateur; hobbyist[Classe]
commoner; coed; student[Classe]
grind (n.)
degree, grade, level, pitch[Hyper.]
grind (v.)
break up, fragment, fragmentise, fragmentize[Hyper.]
grind, grinding, mill, pulverisation, pulverization - grinding[Dérivé]
rub[Domaine]
grind (v.)
press[Hyper.]
grind (v.)
grind (v.)
travailler durement (fr)[Classe]
(awkward; difficult; hard; stiff; tough; heavy; uphill), (difficulty)[termes liés]
labor, labour, toil - donkeywork, donkey-work, drudgery, fag, grind, labour, plodding, slog, toil - effort, elbow grease, endeavor, endeavour, exertion, sweat, travail - enterprise, labor, project, task, undertaking - drudge, galley slave, navvy, peon - drudge, hack, hacker - jack, laborer, labourer, manual laborer, manual worker - dweeb, grind, nerd, swot, wonk - grind, hard worker, slogger, swot, toiler[Dérivé]
grind (v.)
grind (v.)
create, make[Hyper.]
grind (v.)
poke[Similaire]
grind (v. intr.)
produire un bruit (fr)[Classe]
produire un son aigu (fr)[Classe]
(tooth), (denture; set of teeth; dentition)[termes liés]
grind (v. tr.)
[colloquial , American]
grind (v. tr.)
réduire en fines particules (fr)[Classe]
flatten; shatter; mash; crush; squash; bang up; smash up; smash[ClasseHyper.]
fabrique de la farine (fr)[DomaineCollocation]
grind (v. tr.)
aiguiser (fr)[Classe]
(faire) devenir autre une propriété (fr)[Classe...]
aigu et/ou pointu (fr)[Caract.]
grind (v. tr.)
réduire en fines particules (fr)[Classe]
fabrique de la farine (fr)[DomaineCollocation]
ground (n.)
ground (n.)
planking; wooden floor[Classe]
ground (n.)
earth; ground[ClasseHyper.]
surface (étendue externe d'un corps) (fr)[termes liés]
La Terre (fr)[termes liés]
material, stuff[Hyper.]
ground (n.)
[ellipsis , spéc. anglais américain]
ground (n.)
terre (matière de la croûte terrestre) (fr)[Classe]
terre (élément où poussent les végétaux) (fr)[ClasseParExt.]
ground (n.)
ground (n.)
surface[Hyper.]
ground (n.)
percept, perception, perceptual experience[Hyper.]
figure[Ant.]
ground (n.)
backcloth; backdrop; background[ClasseHyper.]
scène d'un théâtre (fr)[DomaineDescription]
ground (n.)
military position, position[Hyper.]
ground (n.)
ground (n.)
earth; ground[Classe]
transport maritime et navigation (fr)[termes liés]
material object, object, physical object[Hyper.]
earth - ground - ground - ground - ground - land, set down - bring down, land, put down - down, land, shoot down - approach, go towards, go up to, head for, land, make for, proceed towards, reach, set ashore, shore, tie up, walk up to - ground, run aground - land - ground, run aground, strand[Dérivé]
Earth, globe, world[Desc]
ground (n.)
foundation[Hyper.]
ground (n.)
attachment, fastening[Hyper.]
earth, ground - earth[Dérivé]
ground (v.)
land[Hyper.]
dry land, earth, ground, land, solid ground, terra firma[Dérivé]
ground, run aground[Cause]
ground (v. tr.)
[spéc. anglais américain , physics]
ground (v. tr.)
appuyer, prendre appui sur qqch (fr)[Classe]
prouver (fr)[Classe]
mentionner (fr)[Classe]
porter, soutenir qqch (fr)[Classe]
in the capacity of[Syntagme]
ground (v. tr.)
ground (v. tr.)
hitch; hitch onto; hook; hook on; hang; hang on; couple to[Classe]
rendre solidaire pour connecter des objets (fr)[Classe]
(power; strength)[Caract.]
(ground; terrain), (earth; ground)[termes liés]
prise de courant (fr)[termes liés]
ground (v. tr.)
enduire d'une substance (fr)[Classe]
ground (v. tr.)
ground (v. tr.)
ground (v. tr.)
ground (v. tr.)
ground (v. tr.)
ground (v. tr.)
descendre sur le sol (personne) (fr)[Classe]
parvenir à destination (fr)[Classe]
arriver de déplacement, de voyage (fr)[Classe]
se poser sur le sol (avec un véhicule volant) (fr)[Classe]
faire naufrage (fr)[Classe]
(ground; terrain), (earth; ground)[termes liés]
La Terre (fr)[termes liés]
Wikipedia
Grind
The grind of a blade refers to the shape of the cross-section of the blade. It is distinct from the type of blade (e.g., clip point or drop point knife, sabre or cutlass, axe or chisel, etc.), though different tools and blades may have lent their name to a particular grind.
Grinding involves removing significant portions of metal from the blade and is thus distinct from honing and polishing. It is notably done when first sharpening the blade or when a blade has been significantly damaged or abused (such as breaking a tip, chipping, or extensive corrosion) A well maintained blade will need less frequent grinding than one which is not treated well.
The terms edge angle and included angle can be important when talking about grinding. The edge angle is measured between the surface of an edge and a line running from the point of the cutting edge to the back edge. The included angle is the sum of the edge angles. All other things being equal, the smaller the included angle the sharper the blade and the easier it is to damage the edge.
An appropriate grind will depend upon what the blade is to be used for and the material from which the blade is made. Knife manufacturers may offer the same model of knife with different grinds on the blade and owners of a blade may choose to reshape it as a different grind to obtain different blade properties. A trade off exists between a blade's ability to take an edge and its ability to keep an edge. Various grinds are easier to maintain than others or can provide a better shape over the life of the blade as the blade is worn away by repeated sharpening. In material science terms, harder steels take sharper edges, but are more brittle and hence chip more easily, while softer steels are tougher, and are used for knives such as cleavers which must be tough but do not require a sharp edge. In the range of hardnesses used for knives, the relationship between hardness and toughness is fairly complex and high hardness and high toughness are often possible at the same time.
As a rough guide, Western kitchen knives generally have a double-bevel (approximately 15° on the first bevel and 20–22° on the second), while East Asian kitchen knives are made of harder steel and are ground at 15–18°, being either wedge-shaped (double-ground) or chisel-shaped (single-ground).
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Process
A sharp object works by concentrating forces which creates a high pressure due to the very small area of the edge, but high pressures can nick a thin blade or even cause it to roll over into a rounded tube when it is used against hard materials. An irregular material or angled cut is also likely to apply much more torque to hollow-ground blades due to the "lip" formed on either side of the edge. More blade material can be included directly behind the cutting edge to reinforce it, but during sharpening some proportion of this material must be removed to reshape the edge, making the process more time-consuming. Also, any object being cut must be moved aside to make way for this wider blade section, and any force distributed to the grind surface reduces the pressure applied at the edge.[1]
One way around this dilemma is to use the blade at an angle, which can make a blade's grind seem less steep, much as a switchback makes a trail easier to climb. Using the edge in this way is made easier by introducing a curve in the blade, as seen in sabers, scimitars, and katana, among many others. Some old European swords (most memorably Hrunting) and the Indonesian style of kris have a wavelike shape, with much the same effect in drawing or thrusting cuts.
When speaking of Japanese edged weapons, the term niku (肉 meat) refers to the grind of the blade: an edge with more niku is more convex and/or steep and therefore tougher, though it seems less sharp. Katana tend to have much more niku than wakizashi. If it is required to measure the angles of cutting edges, it is achieved by using a blade edge protractor ( or goniometer) see CATRA Hobbigoni
Typical grinds
- Hollow grind-a knife blade which has been ground to create a characteristic concave, beveled cutting edge along. This is characteristic of straight razors, used for shaving, and yields a very sharp but weak edge which requires stropping for maintenance. Also used on ice skating blades.
- Flat grind—The blade tapers all the way from the spine to the edge from both sides. A lot of metal is removed from the blade and is thus more difficult to grind, one factor that limits its commercial use. It sacrifices edge durability in favor of more sharpness. The Finnish puukko is an example of a flat ground knife. A true, flat ground knife having only a single bevel is somewhat of a rarity.
- Sabre grind—Similar to a flat grind blade except that the bevel starts at about the middle of the blade, not the spine. Also named "Scandinavian Grind", it produces a more lasting edge at the expense of some cutting ability and is typical of kitchen knives. Also sometimes referred to as a "V Grind", made with strength in mind and found on tactical and military knives.
- Chisel grind—As on a chisel, only one side is ground (often at an edge angle of about 20 – 30°); the other remains flat. As many Japanese culinary knives tend to be chisel ground they are often sharper than a typical double bevelled Western culinary knife. (A chisel grind has only a single edge angle. If a sabre grind blade has the same edge angle as a chisel grind, it still has two edges and thus has twice the included angle.) Knives which are chisel ground come in left and right-handed varieties, depending upon which side is ground.
- Japanese knives feature subtle variations on the chisel grind: firstly, the back side of the blade is often concave, to reduce drag and adhesion so the food separates more cleanly; this feature is known as urasuki.[2] Secondly, the kanisaki deba, used for cutting crab and other shellfish, has the grind on the opposite side (left side angled for right-handed use), so that the meat is not cut when chopping the shell.[3]
- Double bevel or compound bevel—A back bevel, similar to a sabre or flat grind, is put on the blade behind the edge bevel (the bevel which is the foremost cutting surface). This back bevel keeps the section of blade behind the edge thinner which improves cutting ability. Being less acute at the edge than a single bevel, sharpness is sacrificed for resilience: such a grind is much less prone to chipping or rolling than a single bevel blade. In practice, double bevels are common in a variety of edge angles and back bevel angles, and Western kitchen knives generally have a double bevel, with an edge angle of 20–22° (included angle of 40–44°).
- Convex grind—Rather than tapering with straight lines to the edge, the taper is curved, though in the opposite manner to a hollow grind. Such a shape keeps a lot of metal behind the edge making for a stronger edge while still allowing a good degree of sharpness. This grind can be used on axes and is sometimes called an axe grind. As the angle of the taper is constantly changing this type of grind requires some degree of skill to reproduce on a flat stone. Convex blades usually need to be made from thicker stock than other blades. This is also known as 'hamaguriba' in Japanese kitchen knives, both single and double beveled. Hamaguriba means "clam shaped edge".[1]
It is possible to combine grinds or produce other variations. For example, some blades may be flat ground for much of the blade but be convex ground towards the edge.
See also
References
Ground
 |
Look up ground in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Ground may refer to:
- Earth's surface
- Soil, a mixture of clay, sand and organic matter present on the surface of the Earth and serving as substrate for plant growth and micro-organisms development
- Ground, in electrical engineering, something that is connected to the Earth or at the voltage defined as zero (in the U.S., called ground; in the UK, called earth):
- Ground (often grounds), in law, a rational motive, basis for a belief or conviction, for an action taken, such as a legal action or argument; reason or cause:
- Grounds for divorce
- Grounds for dismissal
- Common ground, in communication, people sharing some common understanding
- Coffee grounds, ground coffee beans
- Socially grounded argument—in philosophy, arguments that take social conditions as their starting point
- Ground bass, in music, a bass part that continually repeats, while the melody and harmony over it change
- Ground tissue, one of the three types of tissue systems in a plant
- Ground term, in symbolic logic, a term with no variables
- Ground surface, often on metals, created by various grinding operations
- Football stadium
- Ground (unit), a unit of area used in India
- Ground a drawing surface or a coating applied to a substrate for a drawing surface
- The Ground, a 2005 album by Norwegian jazz pianist Tord Gustavsen
See also
- All pages beginning with "Ground"
- All pages with titles containing "Ground"
- Grounding (disambiguation)
- Grounded (disambiguation)
- Earth (disambiguation)
- Grind (disambiguation)
 |
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. |
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