Significations et usages de outward-bound

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  The Blue Peter nautical flag indicates that a vessel is "outward bound". The flag is used and raised by Outward Bound schools to symbolise the journey starting for OB students at the start of a programme.

Outward Bound (OB) is an international, non-profit, independent, outdoor education organization with approximately 40 schools around the world and 200,000 participants per year.^[1] Outward Bound programs aim to foster the personal growth and social skills of participants by using challenging expeditions in the outdoors.

  History

The first Outward Bound school was opened in Aberdovey, Wales in 1941 by Kurt Hahn, and Lawrence Holt with the support of the Blue Funnel Line.^[2] Outward Bound grew out of Hahn's work in the development of the Gordonstoun school and what is now known as the Duke of Edinburgh's Award. Outward Bound's founding mission was to give young seamen the ability to survive harsh conditions at sea by teaching confidence, tenacity, perseverance and to build experience of harsh conditions. Jim Hogan served as warden for the first year of the school.^[3] This mission was established and then expanded by Capt. J. F. 'Freddy' Fuller who took over the leadership of the Aberdovey school in 1942 and served the Outward Bound movement as senior warden until 1971. Fuller had been seconded from the Blue Funnel Line following wartime experience during the Battle of the Atlantic of surviving two successive torpedo attacks and commanding an open lifeboat in the Atlantic ocean for thirty-five days without losing a single member of the crew.^[4] From the inception of Outward Bound, community service was an integral part of the program, especially in the areas of sea and mountain rescues and this remains an important part of the training for both staff and students in Outward Bound, Wales.^[3] The first Outward Bound program for females was conducted in 1951. Fuller was seconded to the USA in the early sixties to help establish Outward Bound USA in Colorado and the first Peace Corps training camp in Puerto Rico.^[5]

Some of the more notable Outward Bound teachers include James Kielsmeier, Stan Hugill, Tom Kennerley, Paul Petzoldt, Robert B. Rheault, Karl Rohnke, and Willi Unsoeld.^[2][6][7]

  Name

The name Outward Bound derives from a nautical expression that refers to the moment a ship leaves the pier. This is signified by Outward Bound's use of the nautical flag, the Blue Peter (a white rectangle inside a blue rectangle). JF Fuller adapted the Outward Bound motto, "To Serve, To Strive and not To Yield," from the poem "Ulysses" by Alfred Lord Tennyson.

  Current

Outward Bound teaches interpersonal skills, wilderness survival skills, and leadership skills through its courses. Outward Bound operates 40 schools in various countries and reports serving over 200,000 students each year.

  Course specifics

  An Outward Bound excursion at Lake Superior Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada

Outward Bound courses follow a kind of recipe or formula, termed the Outward Bound Process Model which is well described by Walsh and Golins (1976)^[8] as:

1. Taking a ready, motivated learner
2. into a prescribed, unfamiliar physical environment,
3. along with a small group of people
4. who are faced with a series of incremental, inter-related problem-solving tasks
5. which creates in the individual a state of dissonance requiring adaptive coping and
6. leads to a sense of mastery or competence when equilibrium is managed.
7. The cumulative effect of these experiences leads to a reorganisation of the self-conceptions and information the learner holds about him/herself.
8. The learner will then continue to be positively oriented to further learning and development experiences (transfer).

In a typical class, participants are divided into small patrols (or groups) under the guidance of one or more instructors. The first few days at a base camp are spent training for the Outdoor recreation activities that the course will contain and in the philosophy of Outward Bound. After initial confidence-building challenges, the group heads off on an expedition. As the group develops the capacity to do so, the instructors ask the group to make its own decisions.^{[citation needed]}

  See also

• Outward Bound Singapore
• Outward Bound USA
• Outward Bound Australia
• Costa Rica Rainforest Outward Bound School
• North Carolina Outward Bound School

  References

  External links

  Official sites

• Outward Bound
• Outward Bound International
• The Outward Bound Trust UK
• List of Outward Bound schools
• Outward Bound Canada
• Outward Bound Center for Peacebuilding
• Outward Bound, Registered Charity no. 313645 at the Charity Commission

  Resources

• Outward Bound: Philosophy, Theory, Research & Evaluation (wilderdom)
• Profile of Outward Bound UK (intelligentgiving)
• Outward Bound Wilderness photo feed by an instructor (flickr)