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Significations et usages de oxen

oxen

  • plural of ox (noun)

Définition

oxen (n.)

1.domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age"so many head of cattle" "wait till the cows come home" "seven thin and ill-favored kine" - Bible"a team of oxen"

ox (n.)

1.cattle that are reared for their meat

2.any of various wild bovines especially of the genera Bos or closely related Bibos

3.an adult castrated bull of the genus Bos; especially Bos taurus

4.castrated bull

5.true antelopes; cattle; oxen; sheep; goats

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Merriam Webster

OxOx (ŏks), n.; pl. Oxen (#). [AS. oxa; akin to D. os. G. ochs, ochse, OHG. ohso, Icel. oxi, Sw. & Dan. oxe, Goth. aúhsa, Skr. ukshan ox, bull; cf. Skr. uksh to sprinkle. √214. Cf. Humid, Aurochs.] (Zoöl.) The male of bovine quadrupeds, especially the domestic animal when castrated and grown to its full size, or nearly so. The word is also applied, as a general name, to any species of bovine animals, male and female.

All sheep and oxen, yea, and the beasts of the field. Ps. viii. 7.

☞ The castrated male is called a steer until it attains its full growth, and then, an ox; but if castrated somewhat late in life, it is called a stag. The male, not castrated, is called a bull. These distinctions are well established in regard to domestic animals of this genus. When wild animals of this kind are spoken of, ox is often applied both to the male and the female. The name ox is never applied to the individual cow, or female, of the domestic kind. Oxen may comprehend both the male and the female.

Grunting ox (Zoöl.), the yak. -- Indian ox (Zoöl.), the zebu. -- Javan ox (Zoöl.), the banteng. -- Musk ox. (Zoöl.) See under Musk. -- Ox bile. See Ox gall, below. -- Ox gall, the fresh gall of the domestic ox; -- used in the arts and in medicine. -- Ox pith, ox marrow. [Obs.] Marston. -- Ox ray (Zoöl.), a very large ray (Dicerobatis Giornæ) of Southern Europe. It has a hornlike organ projecting forward from each pectoral fin. It sometimes becomes twenty feet long and twenty-eight feet broad, and weighs over a ton. Called also sea devil. -- To have the black ox tread on one's foot, to be unfortunate; to know what sorrow is (because black oxen were sacrificed to Pluto). Leigh Hunt.

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Définition (complément)

⇨ voir la définition de Wikipedia

Synonymes

Locutions

Babe the Blue Ox • Babe the Blue Ox (band) • Black Ox Orkestar • Blue Ox • C++Ox • Cannibal Ox • Curtiss OX-5 • Death Crimson OX • Doctor Ox • Dr. Ox's Experiment • Durham Ox • Durham Ox, Victoria • Ezekiel Ox • Foreleg of ox • Minnesota Blue Ox • Number Ten Ox • OX postcode area • Ox (Chinese constellation) • Ox (album) • Ox (band) • Ox (comics) • Ox (disambiguation) • Ox (zodiac) • Ox Baker • Ox Bel Ha Cave System • Ox Bow Inn • Ox Eckhardt • Ox Emerson • Ox Hill Battlefield Park • Ox King(Dragon Ball Z) • Ox King(Dragon Ball) • Ox King(Dragonball Z) • Ox King(Dragonball) • Ox Miller • Ox Mountains • Ox Narrows, Ontario • Ox Tales (anime) • Ox cart • Ox gall • Ox goad • Ox programming language • Ox sandwich • Ox tax • Ox tongue • Ox tongue (spear) • Ox tongue daisy • Ox tongue fungus • Ox tongue spear • Ox van Hoften • Ox-Cart Library • Ox-Cart Man • Ox-Head and Horse-Face • Ox-King(Dragon Ball Z) • Ox-King(Dragon Ball) • Ox-King(Dragonball Z) • Ox-King(Dragonball) • Ox-Tales • Ox-bow lake • Ox-tongue pastry • Ox-wagon • Ox.Eagle.Lion.Man • Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox • Red River ox cart • Shrub-ox • So Who's the Bass Player? The Ox Anthology • The Blue Ox Babes • The Chronicles of Master Li and Number Ten Ox • The Frog and the Ox • The Ox • The Ox (song) • The Ox-Bow Incident • The Ox-Bow Incident (novel) • The White Ox • Unmuzzled OX • White Ox • Wooden ox • Year of the ox

Dictionnaire analogique

Wikipedia

Ox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  (Redirected from Oxen)
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Zebu oxen in Mumbai, India.

An ox (plural oxen) is a bovine animal trained as a draft animal. Oxen are commonly adult, castrated male cattle, but cows (adult females) or bulls (fertile males) may also be used in some areas. Oxen are used for plowing, transport (drawing carts or wagons or sometimes for riding), threshing grain by trampling, and for powering machines for grinding grain, irrigation or other purposes. Oxen may be used to skid logs in forests, particularly in low-impact select-cut logging. Oxen are usually used in pairs: light work such as carting on good roads might use one pair, while for heavier work further pairs are added – a team used for a heavy load over difficult ground might exceed twenty animals.

Contents

Training

A twenty-ox team in Australia (Wilsons Promontory, 1937)

Working oxen are taught to respond to the teamster's (ox driver's) signals. These signals are given by verbal command, body language, and the use of a goad, whip or a long pole (which also became used as a measure of length: see rod). In preindustrial times, many teamsters were known for their loud voices and forthright language.

Verbal commands for draft animals vary widely throughout the world. In North America, the most common verbal commands are:

  • Get up: go
  • Whoa: stop
  • Back up: back up
  • Gee: turn to the right
  • Haw: turn to the left

In the New England tradition, oxen must be painstakingly trained from a young age. Their teamster must make or buy as many as a dozen yokes of different sizes as the animals grow.

In other traditions, adult cattle with little or no prior human conditioning are often yoked and trained as oxen. This is done for economy, as it is easier to let a calf be raised by its mother, and for lack of adequate methods for housing and feeding young calves.

A tradition in south eastern England was to use oxen (often Sussex cattle) as dual-purpose animals: for draft and beef. A plowing team of eight oxen normally consisted of four pairs aged a year apart. Every year, a pair of steers would be bought at about three years of age, and trained with the older animals. The pair would be kept for four years, then at about seven years old they would be sold to be fattened for beef – thus covering much of the cost of buying that year's new pair. Use of oxen for plowing survived in some areas of England (such as the South Downs) until the early twentieth century. Pairs of oxen were always hitched the same way round, and they were often given paired names (as in the well-known example of the names of Santa Claus's reindeer: Dasher and Dancer, Prancer and Vixen, Comet and Cupid, Donner and Blitzen). In southern England it was traditional to call the near-side (left) ox of a pair by a single-syllable name and the off-side (right) one by a longer name (for example: Lark and Linnet, Turk and Tiger).[1]

Ox trainers favor larger animals for their ability to do more work. Oxen are therefore usually of larger breeds, and are usually males, because castrated males are generally larger – females can also be trained as oxen, but as well as being smaller, they are often more valued for producing calves and milk. Fertile males (bulls) are also used in many parts of the world.

Riding an ox in Hova, Sweden.

Use

Oxen can pull harder and longer than horses, which makes them better with heavy loads.[citation needed] This is one of the reasons that teams were dragging logs from forests long after horses had taken over most other draft uses in Europe and North America. Although slower than horses, they are less prone to injury because they are more sure-footed and do not try to jerk the load.

See also

References

  1. ^ Copper, Bob, A Song for Every Season: A Hundred Years of a Sussex Farming Family (pages 95–100), Heinemann 1971

External links

Ox

                   
  Zebu oxen in Mumbai, India.

An ox (plural oxen), also known as a bullock in Australia, New Zealand and India, is a bovine trained as a draft animal. Oxen are commonly castrated adult male cattle; castration makes the animals more tractable. Cows (adult females) or bulls (intact males) may also be used in some areas.

Oxen are used for plowing, for transport (pulling carts, hauling wagons and even riding), for threshing grain by trampling, and for powering machines that grind grain or supply irrigation among other purposes. Oxen may be also used to skid logs in forests, particularly in low-impact, select-cut logging.

Oxen are usually yoked in pairs. Light work such as carting household items on good roads might require just one pair, while for heavier work, further pairs would be added as necessary. A team used for a heavy load over difficult ground might exceed nine or ten pairs.

Contents

  Training

  A team of ten pairs of oxen in Australia.

Working oxen are taught to respond to the signals of the teamster, bullocky or ox-driver. These signals are given by verbal command and body language, reinforced by a goad, whip or a long pole (which also serves as a measure of length: see rod). In pre-industrial times, most teamsters were known for their loud voices and forthright language.

Verbal commands for draft animals vary widely throughout the world. In North America, the most common commands are:

  • Get up: go
  • Whoa: stop
  • Back: back up
  • Gee: turn to the right
  • Haw: turn to the left

In the New England tradition, young castrated cattle selected for draft are known as working steers and are painstakingly trained from a young age. Their teamster makes or buys as many as a dozen yokes of different sizes for each animal as it grows. The steers are normally considered fully trained at the age of four and only then become known as oxen. In other traditions, adult cattle with little or no prior human conditioning are often yoked and trained as oxen. This is done for economy, as it is easier to let a calf be raised by its mother, and for lack of adequate methods for housing and feeding young calves.[1]

A tradition in south eastern England was to use oxen (often Sussex cattle) as dual-purpose animals: for draft and beef. A plowing team of eight oxen normally consisted of four pairs aged a year apart. Each year, a pair of steers of about three years of age would be bought for the team and trained with the older animals. The pair would be kept for about four years, then sold at about seven years old to be fattened for beef – thus covering much of the cost of buying that year's new pair. Use of oxen for plowing survived in some areas of England (such as the South Downs) until the early twentieth century. Pairs of oxen were always hitched the same way round, and they were often given paired names (as in the well-known example of the names of Santa Claus's reindeer: Dasher and Dancer, Prancer and Vixen, Comet and Cupid, Donner and Blitzen). In southern England it was traditional to call the near-side (left) ox of a pair by a single-syllable name and the off-side (right) one by a longer one (for example: Lark and Linnet, Turk and Tiger).[2]

Ox trainers favour larger animals for their ability to do more work. Oxen are therefore usually of larger breeds, and are usually males because they are generally larger. Females can also be trained as oxen, but as well as being smaller, they are often more valued for producing calves and milk. Bulls are also used in many parts of the world, especially Asia and Africa.[3][4]

  Shoeing

  A single left-hand ox shoe of the type used for large Chianina oxen in Tuscany
Karel Dujardin - A Smith Shoeing an Ox.jpg
Karel Dujardin, 1622–1678: A Smith Shoeing an Ox

Working oxen usually require shoes,[5] although in England not all working oxen were shod.[6] Since their hooves are cloven, two shoes or ox cues are required for each hoof, unlike the single shoe of a horse. Ox shoes are usually of approximately half-moon or banana shape, either with or without calkins, and are fitted in symmetrical pairs to the hooves. Unlike horses, oxen are not easily able to balance on three legs while a farrier shoes the fourth.[5][7] In England, shoeing was accomplished by throwing the ox to the ground and lashing all four feet to a heavy wooden tripod until the shoeing was complete.[5] A similar technique was used in Serbia[8] and, in a simpler form, in India,[9] where it is still practiced.[10] In Italy, where oxen may be very large, shoeing is accomplished using a massive framework of beams in which the animal can be partly or completely lifted from the ground by slings passed under the body; the feet are then lashed to lateral beams or held with a rope while the shoes are fitted.[11][12]

  Ox shoeing sling in the Dorfmuseum of Mönchhof, Austria; a pair of ox shoes is attached to the near left column

Such devices were made of wood in the past, but may today be of metal. Similar devices are found in France, Austria, Germany, Spain, Canada and the United States, where they may be called ox slings, ox presses or shoeing stalls.[7][13][14] The system was sometimes adopted in England also, where the device was called a crush or trevis; one example is recorded in the Vale of Pewsey.[6] The shoeing of an ox partly lifted in a sling is the subject of John Singer Sargent's painting Shoeing the Ox,[15] while A Smith Shoeing an Ox by Karel Dujardin shows an ox being shod standing, tied to a post by the horns and balanced by supporting the raised hoof.


  Uses and comparison to other draught animals

  Riding an ox in Hova, Sweden.

Oxen can pull heavier loads, and pull for a longer period of time than horses depending on weather conditions.[16] On the other hand, they are also slower than horses, which has both advantages and disadvantages; their pulling style is steadier, but they cannot cover as much ground in a given period of time. For agricultural purposes, oxen are more suitable for heavy tasks such as breaking sod or ploughing in wet, heavy, or clayey soil. When hauling freight, oxen can move very heavy loads in a slow and steady fashion. They are at a disadvantage compared to horses when it is necessary to pull a plow or load of freight relatively quickly.

For millennia, oxen also could pull heavier loads due to the use of the yoke, which was designed to work best with the neck and shoulder anatomy of cattle. Until the invention of the horse collar, which allowed the horse to engage the pushing power of its hindquarters in moving a load, horses could not pull with their full strength because the yoke was incompatible with their anatomy.[1]

Well-trained oxen in general are also considered less excitable than horses.

  See also

  References

  1. ^ a b Conroy, Drew (2007). Oxen, A Teamster's Guide. North Adams, Massachusetts, USA: Storey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58017-693-4. 
  2. ^ Copper, Bob, A Song for Every Season: A Hundred Years of a Sussex Farming Family (pp 95–100), Heinemann 1971
  3. ^ John C Barret (1991), "The Economic Role of Cattle in Communal Farming Systems in Zimbabwe", to be published in Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal, p 10.
  4. ^ Draught Animal Power, an Overview, Agricultural Engineering Branch, Agricultural Support Systems Division, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
  5. ^ a b c Williams, Michael (17 September 2004). "The Living Tractor". Farmers Weekly. http://www.foxearth.org.uk/oxen.html. Retrieved May 2011. 
  6. ^ a b Watts, Martin (1999). Working oxen. Princes Risborough: Shire. ISBN 0-7478-0415-X. http://books.google.com/books?id=u86yjr-J-hAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  7. ^ a b Baker, Andrew (1989). "Well Trained to the Yoke: Working Oxen on the Village's Historical Farms". Old Sturbridge Village. http://www.osv.org/explore_learn/document_viewer.php?Action=View&DocID=899. Retrieved May 2011. 
  8. ^ Schomberg, A. (7). "Shoeing oxen and horses at a Servian smithy". The Illustrated London News. http://www.old-print.com/mas_assets/full/N7341934252.jpg. Retrieved May 2011. 
  9. ^ "Blacksmith shoeing a Bullock, Calcutta, India" (stereoscope card (half only)). Stereo-Travel Co.. 1908. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_0etVJGROo60/SSujNVwhiJI/AAAAAAAABOc/Kru9OC73FEE/s320/India%2B-%2B100%2Byears%2Bago%2B-%2BBlacksmith%2Bshoeing%2Ba%2Bbullock,%2BCalcutta,%2BKolkata.jpg&imgrefurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_0etVJGROo60/SSujNVwhiJI/AAAAAAAABOc/Kru9OC73FEE/s320/India+-+100+years+ago+-+Blacksmith+shoeing+a+bullock,+Calcutta,+Kolkata.jpg. Retrieved May 2011. 
  10. ^ Aliaaaaa (2006). "Restraining and Shoeing". Bangalore, Karnataka, India. http://www.flickr.com/photos/aliaaaaa/166239317/sizes/l/in/photostream/. Retrieved May 2011. 
  11. ^ Tacchini, Alvaro. "La ferratura dei buoi" (in Italian). http://wwwstoriatifernate.it/pubblicazioni.php?&id=578. Retrieved May 2011. "The shoeing of the oxen" 
  12. ^ "Tradizioni - Serramanna" (in Italian, Sardinian). http://www.serramanna.altervista.org/tradizioni.htm. Retrieved May 2011. "Serramanna: traditions" 
  13. ^ Wet Dry Routes Chapter Newlsletter 4 (4). 1997. http://www.santafetrailresearch.com/wet/vol-06-no-4.html. Retrieved May 2011. 
  14. ^ Wet Dry Routes Chapter Newlsletter 6 (4). 1999. http://www.santafetrailresearch.com/wet/vol-06-no-4.html. Retrieved May 2011. 
  15. ^ John Singer Sargent. "Shoeing the Ox". http://www.johnsingersargent.org/Shoeing-the-Ox-large.html. Retrieved May 2011. 
  16. ^ Taylor, Tess (May 3, 2011). "On Small Farms, Hoof Power Returns". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/04/dining/04oxen.html?_r=4&sq=Oxen&st=cse&scp=3&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 19 June 2011. 

  External links

   
               

 

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