Rudiment
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A rudiment is one of the basic patterns used in rudimental drumming. These patterns form the basic building blocks or "vocabulary" of drumming, and can be combined in a great variety of ways to create drumming music.
There have been many attempts to formalize a standard list of snare drum rudiments. The National Association of Rudimental Drummers (NARD), an organization established to promote rudimental drumming, put forward a list of 13 "essential" rudiments, and later a second set of thirteen to form the original 26. Finally, the Percussive Arts Society (PAS) reorganized the first 26 and added another 14 to form the current 40 International Drum Rudiments. Currently the International Association of Traditional Drummers (IATD) is working to once again promote the original 26 rudiments.
The origin of snare rudiments can be traced back to Swiss mercenaries armed with long polearms. The use of long pike in close "hedgehog" or phalanx formation required a great deal of coordination, and the sound of the tabor, which cut through and could be heard above the battlefield noise, was used to set the tempo and communicate commands to pikers. Short sustain sound produced by tabor drum allowed to produce easily distinguished patterns which were used to convey different formation commands. These drumming patterns-commands became the basis of the snare drum rudiments.
The first written rudiment goes back to the year 1610 in Basel, Switzerland.[1] The cradle of rudimental drumming is said to be France, where in the 17th and 18th centuries professional drummers became part of the King's honour guard. The craft was perfected during the reign of Napoleon I. The march Le Rigodon and its different interpretations in the 18th century is one of the cornerstones of modern rudimental drumming (among others the "two level"-playing).[1][2]
The "buzzer-drums", later called "tambours" (French) came originally from Turkey to Europe during the Crusades. Later other drums came with the Turkish wars in the 17th century.
The Turkish origin of the tabor is highly questionable due to the following reasons: the word tabor or tambour comes from the Latin drum[citation needed]; the tabor drum was used by Swiss and German mecenaries several centuries earlier, and the crusades were over before Turkish conquest started. There are a number of examples of medieval taborers in buildings of the era, for example Lincoln and Gloucester cathedrals, and Tewkesbury Abbey, which predate the Turkish wars by at least several hundred years. The use of Pipe and Tabor was wildly spread in Ireland, Scotland, England, France and on Iberian Peninsula, areas not affected by the Turkish wars.
Today there are three main Rudimental Drumming cultures:[citation needed] Swiss Basler Trommeln (probably the highest level of all), Scottish Pipe Drumming, and American Drumming.
Contents |
40 P.A.S. International Drum Rudiments
Roll rudiments
Single stroke rudiments
The single-stroke roll consists of alternating sticking (i.e., RLRL, etc.) of indeterminate speed and length.
| No. | Name | Notation | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Single Stroke Roll | File:1 single stroke roll.gif | Evenly-spaced notes played with alternating sticking. Though usually played fast, even half notes with alternating sticking would be considered a single stroke roll. |
| 2. | Single Stroke Four | File:2 single stroke four.gif | Four notes played with alternating sticking, usually as a triplet followed by a eighth note. (as in the picture) or as three grace notes before a downbeat (like a ruff). |
| 3. | Single Stroke Seven | File:3 single stroke seven.gif | Seven notes played with alternating sticking, usually as sextuplet followed by a quarter note. |
Multiple bounce roll rudiments
| No. | Name | Notation | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4. | Multiple Bounce Roll | File:4 multiple bounce roll.gif | Alternating handed strokes with no specific number of bounces. Should sound even and continuous. Also called "buzz roll." |
| 5. | Triple Stroke Roll | File:5 triple stroke roll.gif | Alternating handed strokes with three specific strokes. Each stroke can be bounced or wristed. Also called a "French roll." |
Double stroke open roll rudiments
The double stroke roll is a rudiment consisting of alternating diddles (i.e., RR, LL, etc) of indeterminate speed and length. There are 10 official variants of the double-stroke roll (see below).[3]
| No. | Name | Notation | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6. | Double Stroke Open Roll | File:6 double stroke open roll.gif | Like the single-stroke roll, usually played fast, but even when played slowly, alternating diddles are considered a double stroke roll. Played so each individual note can be heard distinctly. |
| 7. | Five Stroke Roll | File:7 five stroke roll.gif | Two diddles followed by an accented note. |
| 8. | Six Stroke Roll | File:8 six stroke roll.gif | Unlike most other double stroke rudiments, the six stroke roll begins with an accented single note. Then it is followed by two diddles and another accented note. |
| 9. | Seven Stroke Roll | File:9 seven stroke roll.gif | Three diddles followed by an accented note. Usually a sextuplet followed by a quarter note. |
| 10. | Nine Stroke Roll | File:10 nine stroke roll.gif | Four diddles followed by an accented note. |
| 11. | Ten Stroke Roll | File:11 ten stroke roll.gif | Four diddles followed by two accented notes. |
| 12. | Eleven Stroke Roll | File:12 eleven stroke roll.gif | Five diddles followed by an accented note. |
| 13. | Thirteen Stroke Roll | File:13 thirteen stroke roll.gif | Six diddles followed by an accented note. |
| 14. | Fifteen Stroke Roll | File:14 fifteen stroke roll.gif | Seven diddles followed by an accented note. |
| 15. | Seventeen Stroke Roll | File:15 seventeen stroke roll.gif | Eight diddles followed by an accented note. |
Diddle rudiments
In percussion, a diddle consists of two consecutive notes played by the same hand (either RR or LL). Compare to the drag, which also consists of two consecutive notes played by the same hand.
The paradiddle is a rudiment consisting of a four-note pattern of the form RLRR or LRLL.[3] When multiple paradiddles are played in succession, the first note always alternates between right and left. There are also several official variations of paradiddle rudiments. Paradiddles are often used to switch hands while playing steady notes. For example, if steadily playing sixteenth notes, with right hand lead (RLRL, etc), then wanting to end on a drum to the left of the current drum, he may stick it as follows: RLRL RLRL RLRL RLRR L with the final left tap on the ending drum.
The paradiddle is useful on a drum kit at the end of a fill to allow the next beat, on the crash cymbal, to be played with an alternate hand.[4]
| No. | Name | Notation | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16. | Single Paradiddle | File:16 single paradiddle.gif | Two alternating notes followed by a diddle. |
| 17. | Double Paradiddle | File:17 double paradiddle.gif | Four alternating notes followed by a diddle. |
| 18. | Triple Paradiddle | File:18 triple paradiddle.gif | Six alternating notes followed by a diddle. |
| 19. | Paradiddle-Diddle | File:19 paradiddle diddle.gif | Two alternating taps followed by two alternating diddles. |
Flam rudiments
A flam is a rudiment consisting of a quiet "grace" note on one hand followed by a louder "primary" stroke on the opposite hand. The two notes are played almost simultaneously, and are intended to sound like a single, 'broader' note.[3]
| No. | Name | Notation | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20. | Flam | File:20 flam.gif | A single primary note note preceded by a grace note which is played with the opposite hand. The temporal distance between the grace note and the primary note can vary depending on the style and context of the piece being played. |
| 21. | Flam Triplet | File:21 flam accent.gif | Alternating groups of three notes of the form [Flam - tap - tap]. |
| 22. | Flam Tap | File:22 flam tap.gif | Alternating diddles with flams on the first note of each. |
| 23. | Flamacue | File:23 flamacue.gif | A group of four notes and an ending downbeat, where the first note and the down beat are flammed, and the second note is accented. |
| 24. | Flam Paradiddle | File:24 flam paradiddle.gif | A paradiddle with a flam on the first note.[3] |
| 25. | Single Flammed Mill | File:25 single flammed mill.gif | An inverted paradiddle (RRLR, LLRL) with a flam on the first note of each diddle. |
| 26. | Flam Paradiddle-diddle | File:26 flam paradiddle diddle.gif | Alternating paradiddle-diddles with flams on the first note of each. |
| 27. | Pataflafla | File:27 pata flafla.gif | A four-note pattern with flams on the first and last notes.[3] |
| 28. | Swiss Army Triplet | File:28 swiss army triplet.gif | A right hand flam followed by a right tap and a left tap, or (using a left hand lead) a left hand flam followed by a left tap and a right tap.[3][5] It is often used in the place of a flam accent, since repeated flam accents will have three taps on the same hand in a row, where repeated swiss army triplets only involve two taps on the same hand. |
| 29. | Inverted Flam Tap | File:29 inverted flam tap.gif | Alternating diddles (offset by one sixteenth note) with a flam on the second note of each diddle. |
| 30. | Flam Drag | File:30 flam drag.gif | Alternating groups of three notes of the form [flam - drag - tap]. |
Drag rudiments
| No. | Name | Notation | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31. | Drag | File:31 drag.gif | A drag consists of two consecutive notes played by the same hand (either RR or LL). This is similar to the diddle, except that by convention diddles are played the same speed as the context in which they are placed, where drags are played at twice the speed as the context in which they are placed. For example, if a sixteenth note passage is being played then any drags in that passage would by definition be thirty-second notes, where diddles would be sixteenth notes. Drags can also be played as grace notes. When played as grace notes on timpani, the grace notes are alternated (rlR, lrL).[6] Continuously playing alternating drags (or diddles) results in a double-stroke roll. A similar rudiment is the ruff, which is a note with three grace notes, but they are usually alternated [6] |
| 32. | Single Drag Tap | File:32 single drag tap.gif | A single drag tap is two alternating notes where the first note has drag grace notes and the second is accented. |
| 33. | Double Drag Tap | File:33 double drag tap.gif | A double drag tap is a single drag tap with another grace note drag before it. |
| 34. | Lesson 25 | File:34 lesson 25.gif | A lesson 25 is three alternating notes where the first note has drag grace notes and the third is accented. |
| 35. | Single Dragadiddle | File:35 single dragadiddle.gif | A single dragadiddle is a paradiddle where the first note is a drag. |
| 36. | Drag Paradiddle #1 | File:36 drag paradiddle 1.gif | The first drag paradiddle is an accented note followed by a paradiddle with drag grace notes on the first note. |
| 37. | Drag Paradiddle #2 | File:37 drag paradiddle 2.gif | The second drag paradiddle is two accented notes followed by a paradiddle with drag grace notes on the second accented note and the first note of the paradiddle. |
| 38. | Single Ratamacue | File:38 single ratamacue.gif | A single ratamacue consists of four notes where the first note has drag grace notes and the fourth is accented.[3] |
| 39. | Double Ratamacue | File:39 double ratamacue.gif | A double ratamacue consists of a single ratamacue with a drag before it. |
| 40. | Triple Ratamacue | File:40 triple ratamacue.gif | A triple ratamacue consists of a single ratamacue with two drags before it. |
Historical organization (Standard 26 American Drum Rudiments)
Thirteen "essential" rudiments
- The Double Stroke Roll
- The Five Stroke Roll
- The Seven Stroke Roll
- The Flam
- The Flam Accent
- The Flam Paradiddle
- The Flamacue
- The Ruff
- The Single Drag
- The Double Drag
- The Double Paradiddle
- The Single Ratamacue
- The Triple Ratamacue
Second thirteen rudiments
- The Single Stroke Roll
- The Nine Stroke Roll
- The Ten Stroke Roll
- The Eleven Stroke Roll
- The Thirteen Stroke Roll
- The Fifteen Stroke Roll
- The Flam Tap
- The Single Paradiddle
- The Drag Paradiddle #1
- The Drag Paradiddle #2
- The Flam Paradiddle-diddle
- The Lesson 25
- The Double Ratamacue
Last fourteen rudiments
More recently, the Percussive Arts Society added 14 more rudiments to extend the list to the current 40 International Drum Rudiments. Note that the ordering was completely changed during this last re-organization, so these numbers won't match those above.
- The Single Stroke Four
- The Single Stroke Seven
- The Multiple Bounce Roll
- The Triple Stroke Roll
- The Six Stroke Roll
- The Seventeen Stroke Roll
- The Triple Paradiddle
- The Single Paradiddle-Diddle
- The Single Flammed Mill
- The Pataflafla
- The Swiss Army Triplet
- The Inverted Flam Tap
- The Flam Drag
- The Single Dragadiddle
| Publishing year | Name | Author |
|---|---|---|
| 1812 | A New, Useful, and Complete System of Drum Beating | Charles Ashworth |
| 1815 | The Art of Beating the Drum | Samuel Potter |
| 1861 | The Drummers' and Fifers' Guide | Bruce Emmett |
| 1869 | Strube's Drum and Fife Instructor | Gardiner A. Strube |
| 1886 | The Trumpet and Drum | John Philip Sousa |
| 1935 | Stick Control | George Lawrence Stone |
| 1942 | Modern Interpretation of Snare Drum Rudiments | Buddy Rich |
| 1945 | The All-American Drummer | Charley Wilcoxon |
| 1959 | 14 Modern Contest Solos For Snare Drum | John S. Pratt |
| 1979 | The Technique and Mechanics of Rudimental Snare Drumming | Ken Mazur |
| 1992 | The Drummer's Rudimental Reference Book | John Wooton |
| 2004 | The Beat of a Different Drummer | Dominick Cuccia |
Notable contributors
- John S. Pratt: author, composer, arranger, Former U.S. Military Academy instructor, Founder of the International Association of Traditional Drummers (IATD)
- Charley Wilcoxon: instructor, author, and teacher
- Dante Agostini, French instructor, author and teacher
- Dr. Fritz R. Berger, inventor of the Berger-Notation, Basel Switzerland
- J. Burns Moore: instructor, author, and teacher
- George Lawrence Stone: instructor, author, and teacher
- Earl Sturtze: instructor, author, and teacher
- Les Parks: instructor and arranger, Sons of Liberty Fife and Drum Corps, Hawthorne Cabaleros, Garfield Cadets
- Fred Sanford: instructor and arranger, Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps
- Ralph Hardimon: instructor and arranger, Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps
- Tom Float: instructor and arranger, Blue Devils Drum and Bugle Corps
- Marty Hurley: instructor and arranger, Phantom Regiment Drum and Bugle Corps during the 1970s and early '80s
- Paul Rennick: instructor and arranger, Phantom Regiment Drum and Bugle Corps
- Scott Johnson: instructor and arranger, Blue Devils Drum and Bugle Corps
- James Campbell: instructor and arranger, The Cavaliers Drum and Bugle Corps
- Bret Kuhn: instructor and arranger, The Cavaliers Drum and Bugle Corps
- Dennis DeLucia: instructor and arranger, Bridgemen Drum and Bugle Corps
- Thom Hannum: instructor and arranger, Cadets Drum and Bugle Corps
- Charley Poole, Jr. instructor and arranger, 27th Lancers Drum and Bugle Corps
Hybrid rudiments
Over the years, many other rudimental patterns have been informally identified and given creative names, although most of these are based upon the original 40. They are commonly known as "hybrid rudiments" or "hybrids," and are especially common in drumlines and drum corps. A few notable examples are the Herta, which is a drag played with alternating sticking, the Cheese, a diddle with a grace note, and the Eggbeater, a five-tuplet with the sticking "rrrll"; indeed, these hybrids have themselves given way to more innovative and arguably more difficult hybrids, "Cheese Invert" (an inverted flam tap with cheeses instead of flams) and the "Diddle-Egg-Five" (a paradiddle-diddle followed by an Eggbeater and two diddles, one on each hand). Hybrid rudiments are becoming increasingly important to a marching percussionist's rudimental vocabulary. Due to the differences in naming and origins of these numerous hybrid rudiments, a growing list of the most common hybrid rudiments can be found here: Hybrid Rudiment Library.[7]
References
- ^ a b http://www.pfyffersyte.ch/files/repertoire/hit2005_PundT.php
- ^ http://www.tamboursde89.com/revue/88.pdf
- ^ a b c d e f g "International Drum Rudiments" Page of the Percussive Arts Society (PAS)
- ^ Peckman, Jonathan (2007). Picture Yourself Drumming, p.161. ISBN 1598633309.
- ^ Swiss Army Triplet Example on VicFirth.com Accessed 8/11/2007.
- ^ a b Nasatir, Cary. "Too Many Rudiments?". Conn-Selmer Keynotes. http://www.keynotesmagazine.com/article.php?uid=120. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
- ^ Vic Firth Presents the Hybrid Rudiments
External links
- DrumRudiments.com- All 40 Drum Rudiments with Video examples.
- The Percussive Arts Society International Drum Rudiments
- RudimentalDrumming.com
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