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Significations et usages de steam

Définition

steam (n.)

1.a visible suspension in the air of particles of some substance

2.something that is emitted or radiated (as a gas or an odor or a light, etc.)

3.water at boiling temperature diffused in the atmosphere

steam (v. intr.)

1.cook something by letting steam pass over it"just steam the vegetables"

2.clean by means of steaming"steam-clean the upholstered sofa"

3.get very angry"her indifference to his amorous advances really steamed the young man"

4.travel by means of steam power"The ship steamed off into the Pacific"

5.rise as vapor

6.emit steam"The rain forest was literally steaming"

steam-

1.powered by a steam engine"a steam-powered locomotive"

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Merriam Webster

SteamSteam (stēm), n. [OE. stem, steem, vapor, flame, AS. steám vapor, smoke, odor; akin to D. stoom steam, perhaps originally, a pillar, or something rising like a pillar; cf. Gr. sty`ein to erect, sty^los a pillar, and E. stand.]
1. The elastic, aëriform fluid into which water is converted when heated to the boiling point; water in the state of vapor.

2. The mist formed by condensed vapor; visible vapor; -- so called in popular usage.

3. Any exhalation. “A steam of rich, distilled perfumes.” Milton.

Dry steam, steam which does not contain water held in suspension mechanically; -- sometimes applied to superheated steam. -- Exhaust steam. See under Exhaust. -- High steam, or High-pressure steam, steam of which the pressure greatly exceeds that of the atmosphere. -- Low steam, or Low-pressure steam, steam of which the pressure is less than, equal to, or not greatly above, that of the atmosphere. -- Saturated steam, steam at the temperature of the boiling point which corresponds to its pressure; -- sometimes also applied to wet steam. -- Superheated steam, steam heated to a temperature higher than the boiling point corresponding to its pressure. It can not exist in contact with water, nor contain water, and resembles a perfect gas; -- called also surcharged steam, anhydrous steam, and steam gas. -- Wet steam, steam which contains water held in suspension mechanically; -- called also misty steam.

Steam is often used adjectively, and in combination, to denote, produced by heat, or operated by power, derived from steam, in distinction from other sources of power; as in steam boiler or steam-boiler, steam dredger or steam-dredger, steam engine or steam-engine, steam heat, steam plow or steam-plow, etc.

Steam blower. (a) A blower for producing a draught consisting of a jet or jets of steam in a chimney or under a fire. (b) A fan blower driven directly by a steam engine. -- Steam boiler, a boiler for producing steam. See Boiler, 3, and Note. In the illustration, the shell a of the boiler is partly in section, showing the tubes, or flues, which the hot gases, from the fire beneath the boiler, enter, after traversing the outside of the shell, and through which the gases are led to the smoke pipe d, which delivers them to the chimney; b is the manhole; c the dome; e the steam pipe; f the feed and blow-off pipe; g the safety valve; hthe water gauge. -- Steam car, a car driven by steam power, or drawn by a locomotive. -- Steam carriage, a carriage upon wheels moved on common roads by steam. -- Steam casing. See Steam jacket, under Jacket. -- Steam chest, the box or chamber from which steam is distributed to the cylinder of a steam engine, steam pump, etc., and which usually contains one or more valves; -- called also valve chest, and valve box. See Illust. of Slide valve, under Slide. -- Steam chimney, an annular chamber around the chimney of a boiler furnace, for drying steam. -- Steam coil, a coil of pipe, or a collection of connected pipes, for containing steam; -- used for heating, drying, etc. -- Steam colors (Calico Printing), colors in which the chemical reaction fixing the coloring matter in the fiber is produced by steam. -- Steam cylinder, the cylinder of a steam engine, which contains the piston. See Illust. of Slide valve, under Slide. -- Steam dome (Steam Boilers), a chamber upon the top of the boiler, from which steam is conducted to the engine. See Illust. of Steam boiler, above. -- Steam fire engine, a fire engine consisting of a steam boiler and engine, and pump which is driven by the engine, combined and mounted on wheels. It is usually drawn by horses, but is sometimes made self-propelling. -- Steam fitter, a fitter of steam pipes. -- Steam fitting, the act or the occupation of a steam fitter; also, a pipe fitting for steam pipes. -- Steam gas. See Superheated steam, above. -- Steam gauge, an instrument for indicating the pressure of the steam in a boiler. The mercurial steam gauge is a bent tube partially filled with mercury, one end of which is connected with the boiler while the other is open to the air, so that the steam by its pressure raises the mercury in the long limb of the tube to a height proportioned to that pressure. A more common form, especially for high pressures, consists of a spring pressed upon by the steam, and connected with the pointer of a dial. The spring may be a flattened, bent tube, closed at one end, which the entering steam tends to straighten, or it may be a diaphragm of elastic metal, or a mass of confined air, etc. -- Steam gun, a machine or contrivance from which projectiles may be thrown by the elastic force of steam. -- Steam hammer, a hammer for forging, which is worked directly by steam; especially, a hammer which is guided vertically and operated by a vertical steam cylinder located directly over an anvil. In the variety known as Nasmyth's, the cylinder is fixed, and the hammer is attached to the piston rod. In that known as Condie's, the piston is fixed, and the hammer attached to the lower end of the cylinder. -- Steam heater. (a) A radiator heated by steam. (b) An apparatus consisting of a steam boiler, radiator, piping, and fixures for warming a house by steam. -- Steam jacket. See under Jacket. -- Steam packet, a packet or vessel propelled by steam, and running periodically between certain ports. -- Steam pipe, any pipe for conveying steam; specifically, a pipe through which steam is supplied to an engine. -- Steam plow or Steam plough, a plow, or gang of plows, moved by a steam engine. -- Steam port, an opening for steam to pass through, as from the steam chest into the cylinder. -- Steam power, the force or energy of steam applied to produce results; power derived from a steam engine. -- Steam propeller. See Propeller. -- Steam pump, a small pumping engine operated by steam. It is usually direct-acting. -- Steam room (Steam Boilers), the space in the boiler above the water level, and in the dome, which contains steam. -- Steam table, a table on which are dishes heated by steam for keeping food warm in the carving room of a hotel, restaurant, etc. -- Steam trap, a self-acting device by means of which water that accumulates in a pipe or vessel containing steam will be discharged without permitting steam to escape. -- Steam tug, a steam vessel used in towing or propelling ships. -- Steam vessel, a vessel propelled by steam; a steamboat or steamship; a steamer. -- Steam whistle, an apparatus attached to a steam boiler, as of a locomotive, through which steam is rapidly discharged, producing a loud whistle which serves as a warning or a signal. The steam issues from a narrow annular orifice around the upper edge of the lower cup or hemisphere, striking the thin edge of the bell above it, and producing sound in the manner of an organ pipe or a common whistle.

SteamSteam (stēm), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Steamed (stēmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Steaming.]
1. To emit steam or vapor.

My brother's ghost hangs hovering there,
O'er his warm blood, that steams into the air.
Dryden.

Let the crude humors dance
In heated brass, steaming with fire intense.
J. Philips.

2. To rise in vapor; to issue, or pass off, as vapor.

The dissolved amber . . . steamed away into the air. Boyle.

3. To move or travel by the agency of steam.

The vessel steamed out of port. N. P. Willis.

4. To generate steam; as, the boiler steams well.

SteamSteam (stēm), v. t.
1. To exhale. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. To expose to the action of steam; to apply steam to for softening, dressing, or preparing; as, to steam wood; to steamcloth; to steam food, etc.

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Définition (complément)

⇨ voir la définition de Wikipedia

Synonymes

steam (n.)

emanation, fumes, vapor  (American), vapour  (British)

steam (v. intr.)

give off steam, let off steam, steam clean, steamer, give off vapor  (American), give off vapour  (British)

Voir aussi

Locutions

Assault by steam, hot vapours and hot objects • Assault by steam, hot vapours and hot objects | farm • Assault by steam, hot vapours and hot objects | home • Assault by steam, hot vapours and hot objects | industrial and construction area • Assault by steam, hot vapours and hot objects | other specified places • Assault by steam, hot vapours and hot objects | residential institution • Assault by steam, hot vapours and hot objects | school, other institution and public administrative area • Assault by steam, hot vapours and hot objects | sports and athletics area • Assault by steam, hot vapours and hot objects | street and highway • Assault by steam, hot vapours and hot objects | trade and service area • Assault by steam, hot vapours and hot objects | unspecified place • Contact with steam and hot vapours • Contact with steam and hot vapours | farm • Contact with steam and hot vapours | home • Contact with steam and hot vapours | industrial and construction area • Contact with steam and hot vapours | other specified places • Contact with steam and hot vapours | residential institution • Contact with steam and hot vapours | school, other institution and public administrative area • Contact with steam and hot vapours | sports and athletics area • Contact with steam and hot vapours | street and highway • Contact with steam and hot vapours | trade and service area • Contact with steam and hot vapours | unspecified place • Contact with steam, hot vapours and hot objects, undetermined intent • Contact with steam, hot vapours and hot objects, undetermined intent | farm • Contact with steam, hot vapours and hot objects, undetermined intent | home • Contact with steam, hot vapours and hot objects, undetermined intent | industrial and construction area • Contact with steam, hot vapours and hot objects, undetermined intent | other specified places • Contact with steam, hot vapours and hot objects, undetermined intent | residential institution • Contact with steam, hot vapours and hot objects, undetermined intent | school, other institution and public administrative area • Contact with steam, hot vapours and hot objects, undetermined intent | sports and athletics area • Contact with steam, hot vapours and hot objects, undetermined intent | street and highway • Contact with steam, hot vapours and hot objects, undetermined intent | trade and service area • Contact with steam, hot vapours and hot objects, undetermined intent | unspecified place • Steam Bath • central steam heater • fresh steam • full steam ahead • get up steam • give off steam • let off steam • live steam • nuclear steam supply system • run out of steam • steam bath • steam boiler • steam boiling • steam chest • steam clean • steam coal • steam coil • steam cracker • steam dome • steam engine • steam fitting • steam heat • steam heater • steam heating • steam iron • steam jeanney • steam jenny • steam line • steam locomotive • steam organ • steam pipe • steam quality • steam reformer • steam reforming • steam roller • steam room • steam shovel • steam stack • steam train • steam turbine • steam up • steam vent stack • steam whistle • steam-heat • steam-jet cleaning machine • steam-powered • under one's own steam

Dictionnaire analogique

Steam (n.) [MeSH]




steam (n.)








steam (v. intr.)


steam-


Wikipedia

Steam

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
Steam phase eruption of Castle Geyser in Yellowstone Park
A temperature-versus-entropy diagram for steam
A Mollier enthalpy-versus-entropy diagram for steam

Steam is vaporized water. It is a transparent gas. At standard temperature and pressure, pure steam (unmixed with air, but in equilibrium with liquid water) occupies about 1,600 times the volume of an equal mass of liquid water. In the atmosphere, the partial pressure of water is much lower than 1 atm, therefore gaseous water can exist at temperatures much lower than 100 °C (212 °F) (see water vapor and humidity).

In common speech, steam most often refers to the visible white mist that condenses above boiling water as the hot vapor mixes with the cooler air. This mist consists of tiny droplets of liquid water. Pure steam emerges at the base of the spout of a steaming kettle where there is no visible vapor.

Contents

Saturated steam

Saturated steam is steam at equilibrium with liquid water [1]. It defines the boundary between wet steam and superheated steam on the temperature-enthalpy diagram.

Superheated steam

Main article: Superheated steam

Superheated steam is steam at a temperature higher than its boiling point at a given pressure. For superheating to take place one of two things must occur. Either all of the liquid water must have evaporated or, in the case of steam generators (boilers), the saturated steam must be conveyed out of the steam drum before superheating can occur, as steam can not be superheated in the presence of liquid water.[2]

There are three stages of heating to convert liquid water to superheated steam. First the liquid water’s sensible temperature (the property that can be measured with a thermometer) is raised. Then latent heat (this heat does not raise the temperature of the fluid) is added. After all of the liquid is evaporated or the saturated steam is taken from the steam drum sensible heat is again added superheating the steam.

Industrial uses

Steam engines and steam turbines

A steam engine uses the expansion of steam in order to drive a piston or turbine to perform mechanical work. The ability to return condensed steam as water-liquid to the boiler at high pressure with relatively little expenditure of pumping power is important. Engineers use an idealised thermodynamic cycle, the Rankine cycle, to model the behavior of steam engines.

Steam turbines are often used in the production of electricity.

Condensation of steam to water often occurs at the low-pressure end of a steam turbine, since this maximizes the energy efficiency, but such wet-steam conditions have to be limited to avoid excessive turbine blade erosion.

Energy storage

In other industrial applications steam is used for energy storage, which is introduced and extracted by heat transfer, usually through pipes. Steam is a capacious reservoir for thermal energy because of water's high heat of vaporization.

Electricity generation

In the U.S., more than 86% of electricity is generated using steam as the working fluid, nearly all by steam turbines.

Cogeneration

In electric generation, steam is typically condensed at the end of its expansion cycle, and returned to the boiler for re-use. However in cogeneration, steam is piped into buildings through a district heating system to provide heat energy after its use in the electric generation cycle. The world's biggest steam generation system is the New York City steam system which pumps steam into 100,000 buildings in Manhattan from seven cogeneration plants.[3]

Sterilization

An autoclave, which uses steam under pressure, is used in microbiology laboratories and similar environments for sterilization.

Agricultural use

In agriculture, steam is used for soil sterilization to avoid the use of harmful chemical agents and increase soil health.

Domestic uses

Steam's capacity to transfer heat is also used in the home: for cooking vegetables, steam cleaning of fabric and carpets, and heating buildings. In each case, water is heated in a boiler, and the steam carries the energy to a target object. "Steam showers" are actually low-temperature mist-generators, and do not actually use steam.

Steam tables

Steam tables are tables of thermodynamic data for water/steam. They are often used by engineers and scientists in design and operation of equipment where thermodynamic cycles involving steam are used. Additionally, thermodynamic phase diagrams for water/steam, such as a temperature-entropy diagram or a Mollier diagram shown in this article, may be useful.

Steam explosion

When liquid water comes in contact with a very hot substance (such as lava, or molten metal) it can flash into steam almost instantaneously; this is called a steam explosion. Such an explosion was probably responsible for much of the damage in the Chernobyl accident and for many so-called foundry accidents.

See also

References

  1. ^ Singh, R Paul. (2001). Introduction to Food Engineering. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-646384-2.
  2. ^ http://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/steam-engineering-principles-and-heat-transfer/superheated-steam.asp
  3. ^ Carl Bevelhymer, "Steam", Gotham Gazette, November 10, 2003

External links

 

Toutes les traductions de steam


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