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Significations et usages de thrust
Définition
thrust (v. trans.)
1.use a knife on"The victim was knifed to death"
2.impose something unpleasant"The principal visited his rage on the students"
3.impose urgently, importunately, or inexorably"She forced her diet fads on him"
4.penetrate or cut through with a sharp instrument
5.place or put with great energy"She threw the blanket around the child" "thrust the money in the hands of the beggar"
6.push forcefully"He thrust his chin forward"
7.make a thrusting forward movement
8.press or force"Stuff money into an envelope" "She thrust the letter into his hand"
9.push upward"The front of the trains that had collided head-on thrust up into the air"
10.force (molten rock) into pre-existing rock
thrust (n.)
1.the act of applying force to propel something"after reaching the desired velocity the drive is cut off"
2.a sharp hand gesture (resembling a blow)"he warned me with a jab with his finger" "he made a thrusting motion with his fist"
3.a strong blow with a knife or other sharp pointed instrument"one strong stab to the heart killed him"
4.verbal criticism"he enlivened his editorials with barbed thrusts at politicians"
5.the force used in pushing"the push of the water on the walls of the tank" "the thrust of the jet engines"
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Merriam Webster
ThrustThrust (?), n. & v. Thrist. [Obs.] Spenser.
ThrustThrust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thrust (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thrusting.] [OE. �rusten, �risten, �resten, Icel. �r�st� to thrust, press, force, compel; perhaps akin to E. threat.]
1. To push or drive with force; to drive, force, or impel; to shove; as, to thrust anything with the hand or foot, or with an instrument.
Into a dungeon thrust, to work with slaves. Milton.
2. To stab; to pierce; -- usually with through.
To thrust away or To thrust from, to push away; to reject. -- To thrust in, to push or drive in. -- To thrust off, to push away. -- To thrust on, to impel; to urge. -- To thrust one's self in or To thrust one's self into, to obtrude upon, to intrude, as into a room; to enter (a place) where one is not invited or not welcome. -- To thrust out, to drive out or away; to expel. -- To thrust through, to pierce; to stab. “I am eight times thrust through the doublet.” Shak. -- To thrust together, to compress.
ThrustThrust, v. i.
1. To make a push; to attack with a pointed weapon; as, a fencer thrusts at his antagonist.
2. To enter by pushing; to squeeze in.
And thrust between my father and the god. Dryden.
3. To push forward; to come with force; to press on; to intrude. “Young, old, thrust there in mighty concourse.” Chapman.
To thrust to, to rush upon. [Obs.]
As doth an eager hound
Thrust to an hind within some covert glade. Spenser.
ThrustThrust, n.
1. A violent push or driving, as with a pointed weapon moved in the direction of its length, or with the hand or foot, or with any instrument; a stab; -- a word much used as a term of fencing.
[Polites] Pyrrhus with his lance pursues,
And often reaches, and his thrusts renews. Dryden.
2. An attack; an assault.
One thrust at your pure, pretended mechanism. Dr. H. More.
3. (Mech.) The force or pressure of one part of a construction against other parts; especially (Arch.), a horizontal or diagonal outward pressure, as of an arch against its abutments, or of rafters against the wall which support them.
4. (Mining) The breaking down of the roof of a gallery under its superincumbent weight.
Thrust bearing (Screw Steamers), a bearing arranged to receive the thrust or endwise pressure of the screw shaft. -- Thrust plane (Geol.), the surface along which dislocation has taken place in the case of a reversed fault.
Syn. -- Push; shove; assault; attack. Thrust, Push, Shove. Push and shove usually imply the application of force by a body already in contact with the body to be impelled. Thrust, often, but not always, implies the impulse or application of force by a body which is in motion before it reaches the body to be impelled.
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Définition (complément)
⇨ voir la définition de Wikipedia
Synonymes
thrust (n.)
bang, biff, bop, clip, dagger thrust, drive, driving force, jab, jabbing, knife thrust, lunge, poke, poking, propulsive force, push, slap, smack, stab, stab of a knife, stroke, swing, thrusting, wallop, whack
thrust (v.)
Voir aussi
thrust (v. trans.)
↘ perforated line, perforating, perforation, perforator, punch, puncher, stabber ↗ dirk
Locutions
⇨ cut-and-thrust • dagger thrust • give a thrust • knife thrust • plain thrust bearing • side thrust • straight thrust • thrust ahead • thrust aside • thrust bearing • thrust chamber • thrust control • thrust cut-off • thrust decay • thrust deviation control • thrust fault • thrust frame • thrust misalignment • thrust on • thrust on/upon • thrust out • thrust reverse • thrust reverser • thrust reversing • thrust rolling bearing • thrust stage • thrust structure • thrust upon • thrust vector control • thrust weapon
⇨ Asymmetric thrust • Asymmetrical thrust • Blind thrust earthquake • Brain Thrust Mastery • Camber thrust • Centre Line thrust • Champlain Thrust • Deep Thrust • Downstage Thrust Tour • Dual-thrust • Fold and thrust belt • Formation Autonomy Spacecraft with Thrust, Relnav, Attitude, and Crosslink • Forward Thrust • Forward Thrust Committee • Full Thrust • Gimballed thrust • Glarus thrust • Johnny Thrust • Maria fold and thrust belt • Moine Thrust Belt • Moine thrust • Narcotic Thrust • Operation Desert Thrust • Operation Mountain Thrust • PAR thrust • Pelvic thrust • Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig • Specific thrust • Squat thrust • Thrust (Transformers) • Thrust (album) • Thrust (disambiguation) • Thrust (rapper) • Thrust (video game) • Thrust Air 2000 • Thrust ball bearing • Thrust bearing • Thrust block • Thrust bridge • Thrust bridges • Thrust fault • Thrust lever • Thrust reversal • Thrust specific fuel consumption • Thrust stage • Thrust tectonics • Thrust vectored • Thrust vectoring • Thrust-decay time • Thrust-to-weight ratio • Thrust/weight • Tongue thrust • Vectored thrust
Dictionnaire analogique
thrust (n.)
thrust (n.)
body movements, gesture[Hyper.]
dig, jab, poke, prod, stab, stick - poke - jab - throw, thrust - hurl, hurtle, lunge, thrust[Dérivé]
thrust (n.)
thrust (n.)
criticism, unfavorable judgment[Hyper.]
thrust (n.)
force[Hyper.]
press, push - force, push - shove, squeeze, stuff, thrust - push up, thrust - thrust[Dérivé]
thrust (v.)
faire bouger (fr)[Classe]
put on; turn on; switch on[Classe]
thrust (v.)
thrust (v. tr.)
injure; wound[Classe]
tuer qqn avec une arme blanche (fr)[Classe]
se donner la mort (à l'arme blanche) (fr)[Classe]
porter un coup avec une épée, un sabre (fr)[Classe]
(knife)[termes liés]
injure, wound[Hyper.]
dirk - dagger thrust, knife thrust, stab, thrust - knife - knife - stabber[Dérivé]
thrust (v. tr.)
dégager de ce qui embarrasse en transmettant (fr)[Classe]
jeu de cartes (fr)[DomaineCollocation]
thrust (v. tr.)
compel, obligate, oblige[Hyper.]
force - force, power[Dérivé]
thrust (v. tr.)
penetrate, perforate[Hyper.]
thrust (v. tr.)
thrust (v. tr.)
force, push[Hyper.]
thrust (v. tr.)
courir (fr)[Classe]
se lancer vivement en avant (fr)[Classe]
thrust (v. tr.)
force, push[Hyper.]
bop, clip, shove, slap, wallop, whack - push, thrust[Dérivé]
thrust (v. tr.)
thrust (v. tr.)
push, thrust[Dérivé]
push up, thrust[Domaine]
Wikipedia
Thrust
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Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton's second and third laws. When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction, the accelerated mass will cause a force of equal magnitude but opposite direction on that system.
In mechanical engineering, force orthogonal to the main load (such as in parallel helical gears) is referred to as thrust.
Contents |
Examples
A fixed-wing aircraft generates forward thrust when air is pushed in the direction opposite to flight. This can be done in several ways including by the spinning blades of a propeller, or a rotating fan pushing air out from the back of a jet engine, or by ejecting hot gases from a rocket engine. The forward thrust is proportional to the mass of the airstream multiplied by the change in velocity of the airstream. Reverse thrust can be generated to aid braking after landing by reversing the pitch of variable pitch propeller blades, or using a thrust reverser on a jet engine. Rotary wing aircraft and thrust vectoring V/STOL aircraft use engine thrust to support the weight of the aircraft, and vector sum of this thrust fore and aft to control forward speed.
Birds normally achieve thrust during flight by flapping their wings.
A motorboat generates thrust (or reverse thrust) when the propellers are turned to accelerate water backwards (or forwards). The resulting thrust pushes the boat in the opposite direction to the sum of the momentum change in the water flowing through the propeller.
A rocket is propelled forward by a thrust force equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction, to the time-rate of momentum change of the exhaust gas accelerated from the combustion chamber through the rocket engine nozzle. This is the exhaust velocity with respect to the rocket, times the time-rate at which the mass is expelled, or in mathematical terms:
where:
- T is the thrust generated (force)
is the rate of change of mass with respect to time (mass flow rate of exhaust);- v is the speed of the exhaust gases measured relative to the rocket.
For vertical launch of a rocket the initial thrust must be more than the weight.
Each of the three Space Shuttle Main Engines can produce a thrust of 1.8 MN, and each of the Space Shuttle's two Solid Rocket Boosters 14.7 MN, together 29.4 MN. Compare with the mass at lift-off of 2,040,000 kg, hence a weight of 20 MN.
By contrast, the simplified Aid for EVA Rescue (SAFER) has 24 thrusters of 3.56 N each.
In the air-breathing category, the AMT-USA AT-180 jet engine developed for radio-controlled aircraft produce 90 N (20 lbf) of thrust.[1] The GE90-115B engine fitted on the Boeing 777-300ER, recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the "World's Most Powerful Commercial Jet Engine," has a thrust of 569 kN (127,900 lbf).
Thrust to power
The power needed to generate thrust and the force of the thrust can be related in a non-linear way. In general, 
. The proportionality constant varies, and can be solved for a uniform flow:
Note that these calculations are only valid for when the incoming air is accelerated from a standstill - for example when hovering.
The inverse of the proportionality constant, the "efficiency" of an otherwise-perfect thruster, is proportional to the area of the cross section of the propelled volume of fluid (
) and the density of the fluid (
). This helps to explain why moving through water is easier and why aircraft have much larger propellers than watercraft do.
Thrust to propulsive power
A very common question is how to compare the thrust rating of a jet engine with the power rating of a piston engine. Such comparison is difficult, as these quantities are not equivalent. A piston engine does not move the aircraft by itself (the propeller does that), so piston engines are usually rated by how much power they deliver to the propeller. Except for changes in temperature and air pressure, this quantity depends basically on the throttle setting.
Now, a jet engine has no propeller. So let's find out the propulsive power of a jet engine from its thrust. Power is the force (F) it takes to move something over some distance (d) divided by the time (t) it takes to move that distance [2]:
In case of a rocket or a jet aircraft, the force is exactly the thrust produced by the engine. If the rocket or aircraft is moving at about a constant speed, then distance divided by time is just speed, so power is thrust times speed:[3]
This formula looks very surprising, but it is correct: the propulsive power (or power available [4]) of a jet engine increases with its speed. If the speed is zero, then the propulsive power is zero. If a jet aircraft is at full throttle but is tied to a very strong tree with a very strong chain, then the jet engine produces no propulsive power. It certainly transfers a lot of power around, but all that is wasted. Compare that to a piston engine. The combination piston engine–propeller also has a propulsive power with exactly the same formula, and it will also be zero at zero speed –- but that is for the engine–propeller set. The engine alone will continue to produce its rated power at a constant rate, whether the aircraft is moving or not.
Now, imagine the strong chain is broken, and the jet and the piston aircraft start to move. At low speeds:
The piston engine will have constant 100% power, and the propeller's thrust will vary with speed
The jet engine will have constant 100% thrust, and the engine's power will vary with speed
This shows why one cannot compare the rated power of a piston engine with the propulsive power of a jet engine – these are different quantities (even if the name "power" is the same). There isn't any useful power measurement in a jet engine that compares directly to a piston engine rated power. However, instead of comparing engine performance, the gross aircraft performance as complete systems can be compared using first principle definitions of power, force and work with the requisite considerations of constantly changing effects like drag and the mass (of the fuel) in both systems. There is of course an implicit relationship between thrust and their engines. Thrust specific fuel consumption is a useful measure for comparing engines.
See also
- Aerodynamic force
- Astern propulsion
- Gimballed thrust, the most common thrust system in modern rockets
- Stream thrust averaging
- Thrust-to-weight ratio
- Thrust vectoring
- Tractive effort
References
- ^ "AMT-USA jet engine product information". Archived from the original on 2006-11-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20061110025303/http://usamt.com/Mel/comm/comm_products.html. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ "Convert Thrust to Horsepower By Joe Yoon". http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/propulsion/q0195.shtml. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
- ^ "Introduction to Aircraft Flight Mechanics", Yechout & Morris
- ^ "Understanding Flight", Anderson & Eberbaht
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