Mon compte

connexion

inscription

   Publicité R▼


 » 
allemand anglais arabe bulgare chinois coréen croate danois espagnol espéranto estonien finnois français grec hébreu hindi hongrois islandais indonésien italien japonais letton lituanien malgache néerlandais norvégien persan polonais portugais roumain russe serbe slovaque slovène suédois tchèque thai turc vietnamien
allemand anglais arabe bulgare chinois coréen croate danois espagnol espéranto estonien finnois français grec hébreu hindi hongrois islandais indonésien italien japonais letton lituanien malgache néerlandais norvégien persan polonais portugais roumain russe serbe slovaque slovène suédois tchèque thai turc vietnamien

Significations et usages de weather

Définition

weather (adj.)

1.of or pertaining to atmospheric phenomena, especially weather and weather conditions"meteorological factors" "meteorological chart" "meteoric (or meteorological) phenomena"

2.towards the side exposed to wind

weather (v.)

1.put up with something or somebody unpleasant"I cannot bear his constant criticism" "The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks" "he learned to tolerate the heat" "She stuck out two years in a miserable marriage"

2.change under the action or influence of the weather"A weathered old hut"

3.sail to the windward of

4.cause to slope

5.face and withstand with courage"She braved the elements"

weather (n.)

1.the atmospheric conditions that comprise the state of the atmosphere in terms of temperature and wind and clouds and precipitation"they were hoping for good weather" "every day we have weather conditions and yesterday was no exception" "the condi..."

   Publicité ▼

Merriam Webster

WeatherWeath"er (?), n. [OE. weder, AS. weder; akin to OS. wedar, OFries. weder, D. weder, weêr, G. wetter, OHG. wetar, Icel. veðr, Dan. veir, Sw. väder wind, air, weather, and perhaps to OSlav. vedro fair weather; or perhaps to Lith. vetra storm, Russ. vieter', vietr', wind, and E. wind. Cf. Wither.]


1. The state of the air or atmosphere with respect to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm, clearness or cloudiness, or any other meteorological phenomena; meteorological condition of the atmosphere; as, warm weather; cold weather; wet weather; dry weather, etc.

Not amiss to cool a man's stomach this hot weather. Shak.

Fair weather cometh out of the north. Job xxxvii. 22.

2. Vicissitude of season; meteorological change; alternation of the state of the air. Bacon.

3. Storm; tempest.

What gusts of weather from that gathering cloud
My thoughts presage!
Dryden.

4. A light rain; a shower. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Stress of weather, violent winds; force of tempests. -- To make fair weather, to flatter; to give flattering representations. [R.] -- To make good weather, or To make bad weather (Naut.), to endure a gale well or ill; -- said of a vessel. Shak. -- Under the weather, ill; also, financially embarrassed. [Colloq. U. S.] Bartlett. -- Weather box. Same as Weather house, below. Thackeray. -- Weather breeder, a fine day which is supposed to presage foul weather. -- Weather bureau, a popular name for the signal service. See Signal service, under Signal, a. [U. S.] -- Weather cloth (Naut.), a long piece of canvas of tarpaulin used to preserve the hammocks from injury by the weather when stowed in the nettings. -- Weather door. (Mining) See Trapdoor, 2. -- Weather gall. Same as Water gall, 2. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. -- Weather house, a mechanical contrivance in the form of a house, which indicates changes in atmospheric conditions by the appearance or retirement of toy images.
Peace to the artist whose ingenious thought
Devised the weather house, that useful toy!
Cowper.
-- Weather molding, or Weather moulding (Arch.), a canopy or cornice over a door or a window, to throw off the rain. -- Weather of a windmill sail, the obliquity of the sail, or the angle which it makes with its plane of revolution. -- Weather report, a daily report of meteorological observations, and of probable changes in the weather; esp., one published by government authority. -- Weather spy, a stargazer; one who foretells the weather. [R.] Donne. -- Weather strip (Arch.), a strip of wood, rubber, or other material, applied to an outer door or window so as to cover the joint made by it with the sill, casings, or threshold, in order to exclude rain, snow, cold air, etc.

WeatherWeath"er (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weathered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Weathering.]


1. To expose to the air; to air; to season by exposure to air.

[An eagle] soaring through his wide empire of the air
To weather his broad sails.
Spenser.

This gear lacks weathering. Latimer.

2. Hence, to sustain the trying effect of; to bear up against and overcome; to sustain; to endure; to resist; as, to weather the storm.

For I can weather the roughest gale. Longfellow.

You will weather the difficulties yet. F. W. Robertson.

3. (Naut.) To sail or pass to the windward of; as, to weather a cape; to weather another ship.

4. (Falconry) To place (a hawk) unhooded in the open air. Encyc. Brit.

To weather a point. (a) (Naut.) To pass a point of land, leaving it on the lee side. (b) Hence, to gain or accomplish anything against opposition. -- To weather out, to encounter successfully, though with difficulty; as, to weather out a storm.

WeatherWeath"er, v. i. To undergo or endure the action of the atmosphere; to suffer meteorological influences; sometimes, to wear away, or alter, under atmospheric influences; to suffer waste by weather.

The organisms . . . seem indestructible, while the hard matrix in which they are imbedded has weathered from around them. H. Miller.

WeatherWeath"er, a. (Naut.) Being toward the wind, or windward -- opposed to lee; as, weather bow, weather braces, weather gauge, weather lifts, weather quarter, weather shrouds, etc.

Weather gauge. (a) (Naut.) The position of a ship to the windward of another. (b) Fig.: A position of advantage or superiority; advantage in position.
To veer, and tack, and steer a cause
Against the weather gauge of laws.
Hudibras.
-- Weather helm (Naut.), a tendency on the part of a sailing vessel to come up into the wind, rendering it necessary to put the helm up, that is, toward the weather side. -- Weather shore (Naut.), the shore to the windward of a ship. Totten. -- Weather tide (Naut.), the tide which sets against the lee side of a ship, impelling her to the windward. Mar. Dict.

   Publicité ▼

Définition (complément)

⇨ voir la définition de Wikipedia

Synonymes

Voir aussi

Locutions

National Weather Service • all-weather • bad weather • break in the weather • change in the weather • cold weather • dirty weather • exposure to weather conditions • fair weather • foul-weather gear • frosty weather • good weather • hot weather • inauspicious weather • keep a weather eye open for • make heavy weather of • muggy weather • raw weather • state of the weather • sultry weather • under the weather • weather balloon • weather boarding • weather bureau • weather centre • weather chart • weather condition • weather conditions • weather deck • weather expert • weather eye • weather forecast • weather forecaster • weather forecasting • weather map • weather outlook • weather radar • weather report • weather satellite • weather seal • weather sheet • weather ship • weather side • weather situation • weather station • weather strip • weather strip (ping) • weather stripping • weather vane • weather-beaten • weather-bound • weather-stripped • weather-vane • wintry weather

100 Biggest Weather Moments • 11th Operational Weather Squadron • 121st Weather Flight • 15th Operational Weather Squadron • 1st Weather Group • 202nd Weather Flight • 20th Operational Weather Squadron • 21st Operational Weather Squadron • 25th Operational Weather Squadron • 26th Operational Weather Squadron • 28th Operational Weather Squadron • 3rd Weather Squadron • 58th Strategic Weather Squadron • 607th Weather Squadron • 9th Operational Weather Squadron • A Break in the Weather • A Change in the Weather • A Different Kind of Weather • ARMOR Doppler Weather Radar • Air Force Special Operations Weather Technician • Air Weather Service • Ambient Weather • Association of American Weather Observers • Automated weather map display • BBC Weather • Bless the Weather • Campus Weather Service (Pennsylvania State University) • Canadian weather radar network • Carol Reed (weather broadcaster) • Center Weather Service Unit • Central Weather Bureau • Citizen Weather Observer Program • Coastal weather stations • Cold weather rule • Dead Weather Machine • Dragon Weather • Earthquake weather • Earthquake weather (disambiguation) • European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts • Extended Cold Weather Clothing System • Extreme Weather • Extreme weather • Extreme weather event • Extreme weather events • Extreme weather events of 535–536 • Fair Weather • Fair weather cumulus • Fair weather cumulus cloud • Fair weather fan • Fair weather fans • Fair-weather fans • Freddy (weather) • Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service • Heavy Weather • Heavy Weather (TV) • Heavy Weather (novel) • Heavy Weather (science fiction novel) • Heavy Weather (song) • Hiding Inside the Horrible Weather • Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting model • ITV Weather • It's Always Fair Weather • James Wright (weather forecaster) • John C. Freeman Weather Museum • John Hammond (weather forecaster) • King City weather radar station • Like Weather • Lisa Gallagher (weather forecaster) • List of Dish Network weather / business channels • List of extreme weather events • List of fictional characters who can manipulate weather • List of meteorologists for The Weather Channel • List of severe weather phenomena • List of weather instruments • List of weather records • List of weather-related disasters • Listening for the Weather • Live in Tokyo (Weather Report album) • Magic, Murder and the Weather • Matt Taylor (weather forecaster) • Monthly Weather Review • Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center • NBC Weather Plus • NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards • National Collegiate Weather Forecasting Contest • National Weather Association • National Weather Center • National Weather Digest • National Weather Service • National Weather Service Duties Act of 2005 • National Weather Service Employees Organization • National Weather Service bulletin for New Orleans region • Nick Miller (weather forecaster) • Night Passage (Weather Report album) • North American Weather Services • Overcast weather • Penkridge weather station • Pitsford Hall weather station • Pogonip (weather) • Sailing weather prediction • Severe weather terminology • Severe weather terminology (Canada) • Severe weather terminology (United States) • Significant weather alert • Social Weather Stations • Southern Weather • Space Weather Prediction Center • Space weather • Stormy Weather • Stormy Weather (Carl Hiaasen novel) • Stormy Weather (film) • Stormy Weather (song) • Strange Weather Lately • Surface weather analysis • Susan Powell (weather forecaster) • Take the Weather with You • Talk about the Weather • The Weather • The Weather Channel • The Weather Channel (Australia) • The Weather Channel (Australia) Programming • The Weather Company • The Weather Girls • The Weather Inside • The Weather Makers • The Weather Man • The Weather Prophets • The Weather Underground • Traffic and Weather • Trevor the Weather • U.S. Weather Bureau • UK Weather Records • Under the Weather • Universal Weather and Aviation, Inc. • WAVY Weather Station • Weather (disambiguation) • Weather Competition • Weather Data Mining • Weather Eye • Weather Is Good on Deribasovskaya, It Rains Again on Brighton Beach • Weather Modification Operations and Research Board • Weather Plus • Weather Report • Weather Report (1971 album) • Weather Report (1982 album) • Weather Report (album) • Weather Report Girl • Weather Research and Forecasting model • Weather Star • Weather Star 4000 • Weather Star III • Weather Star Jr • Weather Star XL • Weather Station Kurt • Weather Systems • Weather Underground • Weather Underground (weather service) • Weather Underground Organization • Weather Wizard • Weather and Forecasting • Weather balloon • Weather beacon • Weather buoy • Weather control • Weather extremes in Canada • Weather forecasting • Weather front • Weather gage • Weather helm • Weather hole • Weather house • Weather in 2006 • Weather in 2007 • Weather lore • Weather map • Weather observer • Weather of Armenia • Weather or No • Weather outlook • Weather proverb • Weather radio • Weather records in Windsor, Ontario • Weather satellite • Weather shore • Weather spotter • Weather station • Weather stick • Weather the Storm • Weather vane • Weather warfare • Weather wars • Weather with You • Weather-beaten Melody • Weather-related fatalities in the United States • Weather.com • When the Weather Is Fine • Whiteout (weather) • Winter weather • Wye weather station

Dictionnaire analogique

Weather (n.) [MeSH]

Atmosphere[Hyper.]


weather (adj.)

meteorology[Rel.App.]

meteorologically[Dérivé]


weather (adj.)

windward[Similaire]





weather (v.)

cruise, sail[Hyper.]





weather (v. tr.)


Wikipedia

Weather

                   
  Thunderstorm near Garajau, Madeira

Weather is the state of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy.[1] Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere,[2][3] just below the stratosphere. Weather refers, generally, to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time.[4] When used without qualification, "weather" is understood to be the weather of Earth.

Weather is driven by density (temperature and moisture) differences between one place and another. These differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude from the tropics. The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the jet stream. Weather systems in the mid-latitudes, such as extratropical cyclones, are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow. Because the Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane, sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year. On Earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (100 °F to −40 °F) annually. Over thousands of years, changes in Earth's orbit affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth and influence long-term climate and global climate change.

Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes due to differences in compressional heating. Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. The atmosphere is a chaotic system, so small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole. Human attempts to control the weather have occurred throughout human history, and there is evidence that human activity such as agriculture and industry has inadvertently modified weather patterns.

Studying how the weather works on other planets has been helpful in understanding how weather works on Earth. A famous landmark in the Solar System, Jupiter's Great Red Spot, is an anticyclonic storm known to have existed for at least 300 years. However, weather is not limited to planetary bodies. A star's corona is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System. The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind.

Part of the Nature series on
Weather
 
Calendar seasons
Spring · Summer

Autumn · Winter

Dry season · Wet season

Storms

Thunderstorm · Supercell
Downburst · Lightning
Tornado · Waterspout
Tropical cyclone (Hurricane)
Extratropical cyclone
Winter storm · Blizzard · Ice storm
Dust storm · Firestorm  · Cloud

Precipitation

Drizzle · Rain  · Snow · Graupel
Freezing rain · Ice pellets · Hail

Topics

Meteorology · Climate
Weather forecasting
Heat wave · Air pollution
Cold wave

Weather portal

Contents

  Cause

On Earth, common weather phenomena include wind, cloud, rain, snow, fog and dust storms. Less common events include natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, typhoons and ice storms. Almost all familiar weather phenomena occur in the troposphere (the lower part of the atmosphere).[3] Weather does occur in the stratosphere and can affect weather lower down in the troposphere, but the exact mechanisms are poorly understood.[5]

Weather occurs primarily due to density (temperature and moisture) differences between one place to another. These differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude from the tropics. In other words, the farther from the tropics you lie, the lower the sun angle is, which causes those locations to be cooler due to the indirect sunlight.[6] The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the jet stream.[7] Weather systems in the mid-latitudes, such as extratropical cyclones, are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow (see baroclinity).[8] Weather systems in the tropics, such as monsoons or organized thunderstorm systems, are caused by different processes.

Because the Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane, sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year. In June the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, so at any given Northern Hemisphere latitude sunlight falls more directly on that spot than in December (see Effect of sun angle on climate).[9] This effect causes seasons. Over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years, changes in Earth's orbital parameters affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth and influence long-term climate. (see Milankovitch cycles).[10]

The uneven solar heating (the formation of zones of temperature and moisture gradients, or frontogenesis) can also be due to the weather itself in the form of cloudiness and precipitation.[11] Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes, which is explained by the lapse rate.[12][13] On local scales, temperature differences can occur because different surfaces (such as oceans, forests, ice sheets, or man-made objects) have differing physical characteristics such as reflectivity, roughness, or moisture content.

Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. A hot surface heats the air above it and the air expands, lowering the air pressure and its density.[14] The resulting horizontal pressure gradient accelerates the air from high to low pressure, creating wind, and Earth's rotation then causes curvature of the flow via the Coriolis effect.[15] The simple systems thus formed can then display emergent behaviour to produce more complex systems and thus other weather phenomena. Large scale examples include the Hadley cell while a smaller scale example would be coastal breezes.

The atmosphere is a chaotic system, so small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole.[16] This makes it difficult to accurately predict weather more than a few days in advance, though weather forecasters are continually working to extend this limit through the scientific study of weather, meteorology. It is theoretically impossible to make useful day-to-day predictions more than about two weeks ahead, imposing an upper limit to potential for improved prediction skill.[17]

  Shaping the planet Earth

Weather is one of the fundamental processes that shape the Earth. The process of weathering breaks down the rocks and soils into smaller fragments and then into their constituent substances.[18] These are then free to take part in chemical reactions that can affect the surface further (such as acid rain) or are reformed into other rocks and soils. In this way, weather plays a major role in erosion of the surface.[19]

  Effect on humans

  Effects on populations

  New Orleans, Louisiana, after being struck by Hurricane Katrina. Katrina was a Category 3 hurricane when it struck although it had been a category 5 hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico.

Weather has played a large and sometimes direct part in human history. Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the desertification of the Middle East, and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods), extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events. One such event is the saving of Japan from invasion by the Mongol fleet of Kublai Khan by the Kamikaze winds in 1281.[20] French claims to Florida came to an end in 1565 when a hurricane destroyed the French fleet, allowing Spain to conquer Fort Caroline.[21] More recently, Hurricane Katrina redistributed over one million people from the central Gulf coast elsewhere across the United States, becoming the largest diaspora in the history of the United States.[22]

The Little Ice Age caused crop failures and famines in Europe. The 1690s saw the worst famine in France since the Middle Ages. Finland suffered a severe famine in 1696–1697, during which about one-third of the Finnish population died.[23]

  Effects on individuals

The human body is negatively affected by extremes in temperature, humidity, and wind.[24]

  Forecasting

  Forecast of surface pressures five days into the future for the north Pacific, North America, and north Atlantic ocean as on 9 June 2008

Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. Human beings have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia, and formally since at least the nineteenth century.[25][26] Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about the current state of the atmosphere and using scientific understanding of atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve.[27]

Once an all-human endeavor based mainly upon changes in barometric pressure, current weather conditions, and sky condition,[28][29] forecast models are now used to determine future conditions. Human input is still required to pick the best possible forecast model to base the forecast upon, which involves pattern recognition skills, teleconnections, knowledge of model performance, and knowledge of model biases. The chaotic nature of the atmosphere, the massive computational power required to solve the equations that describe the atmosphere, error involved in measuring the initial conditions, and an incomplete understanding of atmospheric processes mean that forecasts become less accurate as the difference in current time and the time for which the forecast is being made (the range of the forecast) increases. The use of ensembles and model consensus helps to narrow the error and pick the most likely outcome.[30][31][32]

There are a variety of end users to weather forecasts. Weather warnings are important forecasts because they are used to protect life and property.[33][34] Forecasts based on temperature and precipitation are important to agriculture,[35][36][37][38] and therefore to commodity traders within stock markets. Temperature forecasts are used by utility companies to estimate demand over coming days.[39][40][41] On an everyday basis, people use weather forecasts to determine what to wear on a given day. Since outdoor activities are severely curtailed by heavy rain, snow and the wind chill, forecasts can be used to plan activities around these events, and to plan ahead and survive them.

  Modification

The aspiration to control the weather is evident throughout human history: from ancient rituals intended to bring rain for crops to the U.S. Military Operation Popeye, an attempt to disrupt supply lines by lengthening the North Vietnamese monsoon. The most successful attempts at influencing weather involve cloud seeding; they include the fog- and low stratus dispersion techniques employed by major airports, techniques used to increase winter precipitation over mountains, and techniques to suppress hail.[42] A recent example of weather control was China's preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games. China shot 1,104 rain dispersal rockets from 21 sites in the city of Beijing in an effort to keep rain away from the opening ceremony of the games on 8 August 2008. Guo Hu, head of the Beijing Municipal Meteorological Bureau (BMB), confirmed the success of the operation with 100 millimeters falling in Baoding City of Hebei Province, to the southwest and Beijing's Fangshan District recording a rainfall of 25 millimeters.[43]

Whereas there is inconclusive evidence for these techniques' efficacy, there is extensive evidence that human activity such as agriculture and industry results in inadvertent weather modification:[42]

The effects of inadvertent weather modification may pose serious threats to many aspects of civilization, including ecosystems, natural resources, food and fiber production, economic development, and human health.[45]

  Extremes on Earth

  Early morning sunshine over Bratislava, Slovakia.
  The same area, just three hours later, after light snowfall.

On Earth, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (100 °F to −40 °F) annually. The range of climates and latitudes across the planet can offer extremes of temperature outside this range. The coldest air temperature ever recorded on Earth is −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), at Vostok Station, Antarctica on 21 July 1983. The hottest air temperature ever recorded was 57.7 °C (135.9 °F) at 'Aziziya, Libya, on 13 September 1922,[46] but that reading is queried. The highest recorded average annual temperature was 34.4 °C (93.9 °F) at Dallol, Ethiopia.[47] The coldest recorded average annual temperature was −55.1 °C (−67.2 °F) at Vostok Station, Antarctica.[48] The coldest average annual temperature in a permanently inhabited location is at Eureka, Nunavut, in Canada, where the annual average temperature is −19.7 °C (−3.5 °F).[49]

  Extraterrestrial within the Solar System

  Jupiter's Great Red Spot in 1979.

Studying how the weather works on other planets has been seen as helpful in understanding how it works on Earth.[50] Weather on other planets follows many of the same physical principles as weather on Earth, but occurs on different scales and in atmospheres having different chemical composition. The Cassini–Huygens mission to Titan discovered clouds formed from methane or ethane which deposit rain composed of liquid methane and other organic compounds.[51] Earth's atmosphere includes six latitudinal circulation zones, three in each hemisphere.[52] In contrast, Jupiter's banded appearance shows many such zones,[53] Titan has a single jet stream near the 50th parallel north latitude,[54] and Venus has a single jet near the equator.[55]

One of the most famous landmarks in the Solar System, Jupiter's Great Red Spot, is an anticyclonic storm known to have existed for at least 300 years.[56] On other gas giants, the lack of a surface allows the wind to reach enormous speeds: gusts of up to 600 metres per second (about 2,100 km/h or 1,300 mph) have been measured on the planet Neptune.[57] This has created a puzzle for planetary scientists. The weather is ultimately created by solar energy and the amount of energy received by Neptune is only about 1900 of that received by Earth, yet the intensity of weather phenomena on Neptune is far greater than on Earth.[58] The strongest planetary winds discovered so far are on the extrasolar planet HD 189733 b, which is thought to have easterly winds moving at more than 9,600 kilometres per hour (6,000 mph).[59]

  Space weather

Weather is not limited to planetary bodies. Like all stars, the sun's corona is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System. The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind. Inconsistencies in this wind and larger events on the surface of the star, such as coronal mass ejections, form a system that has features analogous to conventional weather systems (such as pressure and wind) and is generally known as space weather. Coronal mass ejections have been tracked as far out in the solar system as Saturn.[60] The activity of this system can affect planetary atmospheres and occasionally surfaces. The interaction of the solar wind with the terrestrial atmosphere can produce spectacular aurorae,[61] and can play havoc with electrically sensitive systems such as electricity grids and radio signals.[62]

  See also

  References

  1. ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Weather. Retrieved on 27 June 2008.
  2. ^ Glossary of Meteorology. Hydrosphere. Retrieved on 27 June 2008.
  3. ^ a b Glossary of Meteorology. Troposphere. Retrieved on 27 June 2008.
  4. ^ "Climate". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=climate1. Retrieved 14 May 2008. 
  5. ^ O'Carroll, Cynthia M. (18 October 2001). "Weather Forecasters May Look Sky-high For Answers". Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA). http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20011018windsurface.html. 
  6. ^ NASA. World Book at NASA: Weather.[dead link] Retrieved on 27 June 2008.
  7. ^ John P. Stimac. Air pressure and wind. Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
  8. ^ Carlyle H. Wash, Stacey H. Heikkinen, Chi-Sann Liou, and Wendell A. Nuss. A Rapid Cyclogenesis Event during GALE IOP 9. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  9. ^ Windows to the Universe. Earth's Tilt Is the Reason for the Seasons! Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  10. ^ Milankovitch, Milutin. Canon of Insolation and the Ice Age Problem. Zavod za Udz̆benike i Nastavna Sredstva: Belgrade, 1941. Isbn=86-17-06619-9.
  11. ^ Ron W. Przybylinski. The Concept of Frontogenesis and its Application to Winter Weather Forecasting. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  12. ^ Mark Zachary Jacobson (2005). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83970-X. OCLC 243560910. 
  13. ^ C. Donald Ahrens (2006). Meteorology Today (8th ed.). Brooks/Cole Publishing. ISBN 0-495-01162-2. OCLC 224863929. 
  14. ^ Michel Moncuquet. Relation between density and temperature. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  15. ^ Encyclopedia of Earth. Wind. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  16. ^ Spencer Weart. The Discovery of Global Warming. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  17. ^ http://okdk.kishou.go.jp/library/training/Seasonal%20Forecasts%20and%20Predictability.doc
  18. ^ NASA. NASA Mission Finds New Clues to Guide Search for Life on Mars. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  19. ^ West Gulf River Forecast Center. Glossary of Hydrologic Terms: E Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  20. ^ James P. Delgado. Relics of the Kamikaze. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  21. ^ Mike Strong. Fort Caroline National Memorial. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  22. ^ Anthony E. Ladd, John Marszalek, and Duane A. Gill. The Other Dispora: New Orleans Student Evacuation Impacts and Responses Surrounding Hurricane Katrina. Retrieved on 29 March 2008.
  23. ^ "Famine in Scotland: The 'Ill Years' of the 1690s". Karen Cullen,Karen J. Cullen (2010). Edinburgh University Press. p.21. ISBN 0-7486-3887-3
  24. ^ C. W. B. Norand. Effect of High Temperature, Humidity, and Wind on the Human Body. Retrieved on 30 January 2012.
  25. ^ [dead link] Mistic House. Astrology Lessons, History, Prediction, Skeptics, and Astrology Compatibility. Retrieved on 12 January 2008.
  26. ^ Eric D. Craft. An Economic History of Weather Forecasting. Retrieved on 15 April 2007.
  27. ^ NASA. Weather Forecasting Through the Ages. Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
  28. ^ Weather Doctor. Applying The Barometer To Weather Watching. Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
  29. ^ Mark Moore. Field Forecasting: A Short Summary. Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
  30. ^ Klaus Weickmann, Jeff Whitaker, Andres Roubicek and Catherine Smith. The Use of Ensemble Forecasts to Produce Improved Medium Range (3–15 days) Weather Forecasts. Retrieved on 16 February 2007.
  31. ^ Todd Kimberlain. Tropical cyclone motion and intensity talk (June 2007). Retrieved on 21 July 2007.
  32. ^ Richard J. Pasch, Mike Fiorino, and Chris Landsea. TPC/NHC’S REVIEW OF THE NCEP PRODUCTION SUITE FOR 2006. Retrieved on 5 May 2008.
  33. ^ National Weather Service. National Weather Service Mission Statement. Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
  34. ^ National Meteorological Service of Slovenia
  35. ^ Blair Fannin. Dry weather conditions continue for Texas. Retrieved on 26 May 2008.
  36. ^ Dr. Terry Mader. Drought Corn Silage. Retrieved on 26 May 2008.
  37. ^ Kathryn C. Taylor. Peach Orchard Establishment and Young Tree Care. Retrieved on 26 May 2008.
  38. ^ Associated Press. After Freeze, Counting Losses to Orange Crop. Retrieved on 26 May 2008.
  39. ^ The New York Times. FUTURES/OPTIONS; Cold Weather Brings Surge In Prices of Heating Fuels. Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
  40. ^ BBC. Heatwave causes electricity surge. Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
  41. ^ Toronto Catholic Schools. The Seven Key Messages of the Energy Drill Program. Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
  42. ^ a b American Meteorological Society
  43. ^ Huanet, Xin (9 August 2008). "Beijing disperses rain to dry Olympic night". Chinaview. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/09/content_9079637.htm. Retrieved 24 August 2008. 
  44. ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
  45. ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
  46. ^ Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved on 21 June 2007.
  47. ^ Glenn Elert. Hottest Temperature on Earth. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  48. ^ Glenn Elert. Coldest Temperature On Earth. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  49. ^ Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000 – Eureka
  50. ^ Britt, Robert Roy (6 March 2001). "The Worst Weather in the Solar System". Space.com. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/solar_system_weather_010306-1.html. 
  51. ^ M. Fulchignoni, F. Ferri, F. Angrilli, A. Bar-Nun, M.A. Barucci, G. Bianchini, W. Borucki, M. Coradini, A. Coustenis, P. Falkner, E. Flamini, R. Grard, M. Hamelin, A.M. Harri, G.W. Leppelmeier, J.J. Lopez-Moreno, J.A.M. McDonnell, C.P. McKay, F.H. Neubauer, A. Pedersen, G. Picardi, V. Pirronello, R. Rodrigo, K. Schwingenschuh, A. Seiff, H. Svedhem, V. Vanzani and J. Zarnecki (2002). "The Characterisation of Titan's Atmospheric Physical Properties by the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (Hasi)". Space Science Review 104: 395–431. Bibcode 2002SSRv..104..395F. DOI:10.1023/A:1023688607077. 
  52. ^ Jet Propulsion Laboratory. OVERVIEW – Climate: The Spherical Shape of the Earth: Climatic Zones. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  53. ^ Anne Minard. Jupiter's "Jet Stream" Heated by Surface, Not Sun. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  54. ^ ESA: Cassini–Huygens. The jet stream of Titan. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  55. ^ Georgia State University. The Environment of Venus. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  56. ^ Ellen Cohen. "Jupiter's Great Red Spot". Hayden Planetarium. http://haydenplanetarium.org/resources/ava/page/index.php?file=P0413jupispot. Retrieved 16 November 2007. 
  57. ^ Suomi, V. E.; Limaye, S. S.; Johnson, D. R. (1991). "High Winds of Neptune: A possible mechanism". Science (AAAS (USA)) 251 (4996): 929–932. Bibcode 1991Sci...251..929S. DOI:10.1126/science.251.4996.929. PMID 17847386. 
  58. ^ Sromovsky, Lawrence A. (14 October 1998). "Hubble Provides a Moving Look at Neptune's Stormy Disposition". HubbleSite. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1998/34/text/. 
  59. ^ Knutson, Heather A.; David Charbonneau, Lori E. Allen, Jonathan J. Fortney, Eric Agol, Nicolas B. Cowan, Adam P. Showman, Al, Curtis S. Cooper & S. Thomas Megeath (10 May 2007). "A map of the day–night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b". Nature 447 (7141): 183–186. Bibcode 2007Natur.447..183K. DOI:10.1038/nature05782. PMID 17495920. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v447/n7141/abs/nature05782.html. 
  60. ^ Bill Christensen. Shock to the (Solar) System: Coronal Mass Ejection Tracked to Saturn. Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  61. ^ AlaskaReport. What Causes the Aurora Borealis? Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
  62. ^ Rodney Viereck. Space Weather: What is it? How Will it Affect You? Retrieved on 28 June 2008.

  External links


     
               

 

Toutes les traductions de weather


Contenu de sensagent

  • définitions
  • synonymes
  • antonymes
  • encyclopédie

dictionnaire et traducteur pour sites web

Alexandria

Une fenêtre (pop-into) d'information (contenu principal de Sensagent) est invoquée un double-clic sur n'importe quel mot de votre page web. LA fenêtre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles, c'est-à-dire sans obliger votre visiteur à quitter votre page web !

Essayer ici, télécharger le code;

SensagentBox

Avec la boîte de recherches Sensagent, les visiteurs de votre site peuvent également accéder à une information de référence pertinente parmi plus de 5 millions de pages web indexées sur Sensagent.com. Vous pouvez Choisir la taille qui convient le mieux à votre site et adapter la charte graphique.

Solution commerce électronique

Augmenter le contenu de votre site

Ajouter de nouveaux contenus Add à votre site depuis Sensagent par XML.

Parcourir les produits et les annonces

Obtenir des informations en XML pour filtrer le meilleur contenu.

Indexer des images et définir des méta-données

Fixer la signification de chaque méta-donnée (multilingue).


Renseignements suite à un email de description de votre projet.

Jeux de lettres

Les jeux de lettre français sont :
○   Anagrammes
○   jokers, mots-croisés
○   Lettris
○   Boggle.

Lettris

Lettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de Tetris. Chaque lettre qui apparaît descend ; il faut placer les lettres de telle manière que des mots se forment (gauche, droit, haut et bas) et que de la place soit libérée.

boggle

Il s'agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres. Il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases. Les lettres doivent être adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs. Participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs ! Jouer

Dictionnaire de la langue française
Principales Références

La plupart des définitions du français sont proposées par SenseGates et comportent un approfondissement avec Littré et plusieurs auteurs techniques spécialisés.
Le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout dérivé du dictionnaire intégral (TID).
L'encyclopédie française bénéficie de la licence Wikipedia (GNU).

Copyright

Les jeux de lettres anagramme, mot-croisé, joker, Lettris et Boggle sont proposés par Memodata.
Le service web Alexandria est motorisé par Memodata pour faciliter les recherches sur Ebay.
La SensagentBox est offerte par sensAgent.

Traduction

Changer la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions.
Astuce: parcourir les champs sémantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent.

 

3915 visiteurs en ligne

calculé en 0,078s


Je voudrais signaler :
section :
une faute d'orthographe ou de grammaire
un contenu abusif (raciste, pornographique, diffamatoire)
une violation de copyright
une erreur
un manque
autre
merci de préciser :